El envejecimiento del sistema nervioso
Resumen
El envejecimiento es un proceso deletéreo, progresivo, intrínseco y universal que con el tiempo ocurre en todo ser vivo como consecuencia de la interacción entre la genética del individuo y su medio ambiente. En este proceso los organismos sufren modificaciones que conducen a pérdidas funcionales, presentan una mayor predisposición para desarrollar ciertas enfermedades y como corolario final mueren. Es un proceso multifactorial, que afecta al organismo en todos sus niveles estructurales, desde las moléculas hasta los sistemas orgánicos. Somos cada vez más conscientes de que en el envejecimiento del cerebro está la clave para la conservación de la identidad y la autonomía de las personas. Son muchas la teorías propuestas para el envejecimiento; sin embrago, su naturaleza multicausal obliga a no desechar ninguna de ellas. Los cambios ocurridos durante la senilidad, nos hacen pensar que en los individuos seniles ocurren procesos fisiológicos diferentes a los del adulto y que no deben perderse de vista, por lo que debe considerarse a l individuo senil como un individuo con características propias que deben estudiarse en profundidad.
Palabras Clave: envejecimiento, teorías del envejecimiento, senilidad, expectativa de vida.
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Brownlee M (1991) Glycosylation products as toxic mediators of diabetic complications. Annu Rev Med. 42:159-66.
Cantrell DA, Smith KA (1983) Transient expression of interleukin 2 receptors. Consequences for T cell growth. J Exp Med. Dec 1;158(6):1895-911.
Comfort A (1979) The biology of senescence. 3d ed. Elsevier. New York.
Cutler RG (1991) Recent progress in testing the longevity determinant and dysdifferentiation hypotheses of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. Mar-Jun;12(2-3):75-98.
Ezpeleta D (2009) Envejecimiento cerebral. Apuntes de Neurología Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón" Madrid.
Gil Gregorio P (2000) Bases fisiológicas del envejecimiento cerebral. Rev Mult Gerontol. 10:66-91.
Goya RG (1991) The immune-neuroendocrine homeostatic network and aging. Gerontology. 37(4):208-13.
Goya RG, Brown OA, Pleau JM, Dardenne M (2004) Thymulin and the neuroendocrine system. Peptides. Jan;25(1):139-42.
Goya RG, Naylor PH, Goldstein AL, Meites J (1990) Changes in circulating levels of neuroendocrine and thymic hormones during aging in rats: a correlation study. Exp Gerontol. 25(2):149-57.
Goya RG, Quigley KL, Takahashi S, Reichhart R, Meites J (1989) Differential effect of homeostatic thymus hormone on plasma thyrotropin and growth hormone in young and old rats. Mech Ageing Dev. Aug;49(2):119-28.
Goya RG, Sosa YE, Quigle y KL, Reichhart R, Meites J (1990) Homeostatic thymus hormone stimulates corticosterone secretion in a dose- and age-dependent manner in rats. Neuroendocrinology. Jan;51(1):59-63.
Goya RG, Takahashi S, Quigley KL, Sosa YE, Goldstein AL, Meites J (1987) Immune-neuroendocrine interactions during aging: age-dependent thyrotropin-inhibiting activity of thymosin peptides. Mech Ageing Dev. Dec;41(3):219-27.
Gutierrez Robledo L (1998) El proceso de envejecimiento humano: implicaciones clínicas y asistenciales. Envejecimiento Rev Fac Med UNAM. 41(5):198-206.
Halliwell B, Grootveld M (1987) The measurement of free radical reactions in humans. Some thoughts for future experimentation. FEBS Lett. Mar 9;213(1):9-14.
Halliwell B (2009) The wanderings of a free radical. Free Radic Biol Med. Mar 1;46(5):531-42.
Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW (1990) Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibrobla sts. Nature. May 31;345 (6274):458-60.
Harley CB, Vaziri H, Counter CM, Allsopp RC (1992) The telomere hypothesis of cellular agin g. Exp Gerontol. Jul-Aug;27 (4):375-82.Hayflick L, Moorhead PS (1961) The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. Dec;25:585-621.
Harley CB (1997) Human ageing and telomeres. Ciba Found Symp. 211:129-39; discussion 39-44.
Harman D (1956) Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. Jul;11(3):298-300.
Harman D (2003) The free radical theory of aging. Antioxid Redox Signal. Oct;5(5):557-61.
Harman D (2009) Origin and evolution of the free radical theory of aging: a brief personal history, 1954-2009. Biogerontology. May 24.
Kanungo MS (1994) Genes and aging. Cambridge University Pre ss. New York. USA.
Makinodan T, Kay MM (1980) Age influence on the immune system. Adv Immunol. 29:287-330.
Martin GM, Spregue CA, Epstein CJ (1970) Replicative lifespan of cultivated human cells. Effects of donor's age, tissue and genotype. Lab Invest. 23:86-92.
Martínez Lage JM, Hachinski V (2001) Envejecimiento cerebral y enfermedad. Editorial Triacastela. Madrid. España
McKerrow JH (1979) Non-enzymatic, post-translational, amino acid modifications in agein g. A brief review. Mech Ageing Dev. 1979 Jul;10(6):371-7.
Miller RA, Harrison DE (1985) Delayed reduction in T cell precursor frequencies accompanies diet-induced lifespan extension. J Immunol. Mar;134(3):1426-9.
Minot CS (1907) The problem of age, growth and death. Pop Sci Mon. 71:496.
Miquel J, Fleming JE (1984) A two-step hypothesis on the mechanisms of in vitro cell aging: cell differentiation followed by intrinsic mitochondrial mutagenesis. Exp Gerontol. 19(1):31-6.
Miquel J (1991) An integrated theory of aging as the result of mitochondrial-DNA mutation in differentiated cells. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. Mar-Jun;12(2-3):99-117.
Mozzhukhina TG, Chabanny VN, Levitsky EL, Litoshenko A (1991) Age-related changes of supranucleosomal structures and DNA-synthesizing properties of rat liver chromatin. Gerontology. 37(4):181-6.
Murasko DM, Goonewardene IM (1990) T-cell function in aging: mechanisms of decline. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 10:71-96.
Nakayama H, Uchida K, Doi K (2004) A comparative study of age-related brain pathology--are neurodegenerative diseases present in nonhuman animals? Med Hypotheses.63:198-202.
Nohl H (1993) Involvement of free radicals in ageing: a consequence or cause of senescence. Br Med Bull. Jul;49(3):653-67.
Orgel LE (1963) The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Apr;49:517-21.
Orgel LE (1970) The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing: a correction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Nov;67(3):1476.
Pardo Andreu G (2003) Consideraciones generales sobre algunas de las teoría s del envejecimiento. Rev Cubana Invest Biomed Universidad de Camagüey. 2003;1:22.
Pearl R (1928) The rate of living; being an account of some experimental studies on the biology of life duration. Knopf. New York.
Perillo NL, Walford RL, Newman MA, Effros RB (1989) Human T lymphocytes possess a limited in vitro life span. Exp Gerontol. 24(3):177-87.
Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Console GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, y col (2009) The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Feb;1153:98-106.
Rodes Texidor J, Guardia Massó J (1997) Biología del envejecimiento. Editorial Masson. Barcelona. España.
Salgado A, Guillén F (1990) Manual de Geriatría. Editorial Sa lvat. Barcelona. España.
Sheldrake A (1974) The ageing, growth, and death of cells. Nature. 250:381-5.
Slagboom PE, Heijmans BT, Beekman M, Westendorp RG, Meulenbelt I (2000) Genetics of human aging. The search for genes contributing to human longevity and diseases of the old. Ann N Y Acad Sci.Jun;908:50-63.
Strehler B (1989) Publication of the 50th volume of Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. Mech Ageing Dev. Oct;50(1):1-5.
Szilard L (1959) On the Nature of the Aging Process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jan;45(1):30-45.
Tassin J, Malaise E, Courtois Y (1979) Human lens cells have an in vitro proliferative capacity inversely proportional to the donor age. Exp Cell Res. Oct 15;123(2):388-92.
Volicer L, West CD, Chase AR, Greene L (1983) beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: effect of age and of dietary restriction. Mech Ageing Dev. Mar-Apr;21(3-4):283-93.
Walford R, Jawaid S, Naeim F (1981) Evidence for in vitro senescence of T-lymphocytes cultured from normal human peripheral blood. Age 4:67-70.
Wallace DC (1992) Mitochondrial genetics: a paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases? Science. May 1;256(5057):628-32.
Wallace DC (2005) A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu Rev Genet. 39:359-407.
Cantrell DA, Smith KA (1983) Transient expression of interleukin 2 receptors. Consequences for T cell growth. J Exp Med. Dec 1;158(6):1895-911.
Comfort A (1979) The biology of senescence. 3d ed. Elsevier. New York.
Cutler RG (1991) Recent progress in testing the longevity determinant and dysdifferentiation hypotheses of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. Mar-Jun;12(2-3):75-98.
Ezpeleta D (2009) Envejecimiento cerebral. Apuntes de Neurología Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón" Madrid.
Gil Gregorio P (2000) Bases fisiológicas del envejecimiento cerebral. Rev Mult Gerontol. 10:66-91.
Goya RG (1991) The immune-neuroendocrine homeostatic network and aging. Gerontology. 37(4):208-13.
Goya RG, Brown OA, Pleau JM, Dardenne M (2004) Thymulin and the neuroendocrine system. Peptides. Jan;25(1):139-42.
Goya RG, Naylor PH, Goldstein AL, Meites J (1990) Changes in circulating levels of neuroendocrine and thymic hormones during aging in rats: a correlation study. Exp Gerontol. 25(2):149-57.
Goya RG, Quigley KL, Takahashi S, Reichhart R, Meites J (1989) Differential effect of homeostatic thymus hormone on plasma thyrotropin and growth hormone in young and old rats. Mech Ageing Dev. Aug;49(2):119-28.
Goya RG, Sosa YE, Quigle y KL, Reichhart R, Meites J (1990) Homeostatic thymus hormone stimulates corticosterone secretion in a dose- and age-dependent manner in rats. Neuroendocrinology. Jan;51(1):59-63.
Goya RG, Takahashi S, Quigley KL, Sosa YE, Goldstein AL, Meites J (1987) Immune-neuroendocrine interactions during aging: age-dependent thyrotropin-inhibiting activity of thymosin peptides. Mech Ageing Dev. Dec;41(3):219-27.
Gutierrez Robledo L (1998) El proceso de envejecimiento humano: implicaciones clínicas y asistenciales. Envejecimiento Rev Fac Med UNAM. 41(5):198-206.
Halliwell B, Grootveld M (1987) The measurement of free radical reactions in humans. Some thoughts for future experimentation. FEBS Lett. Mar 9;213(1):9-14.
Halliwell B (2009) The wanderings of a free radical. Free Radic Biol Med. Mar 1;46(5):531-42.
Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW (1990) Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibrobla sts. Nature. May 31;345 (6274):458-60.
Harley CB, Vaziri H, Counter CM, Allsopp RC (1992) The telomere hypothesis of cellular agin g. Exp Gerontol. Jul-Aug;27 (4):375-82.Hayflick L, Moorhead PS (1961) The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. Dec;25:585-621.
Harley CB (1997) Human ageing and telomeres. Ciba Found Symp. 211:129-39; discussion 39-44.
Harman D (1956) Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. Jul;11(3):298-300.
Harman D (2003) The free radical theory of aging. Antioxid Redox Signal. Oct;5(5):557-61.
Harman D (2009) Origin and evolution of the free radical theory of aging: a brief personal history, 1954-2009. Biogerontology. May 24.
Kanungo MS (1994) Genes and aging. Cambridge University Pre ss. New York. USA.
Makinodan T, Kay MM (1980) Age influence on the immune system. Adv Immunol. 29:287-330.
Martin GM, Spregue CA, Epstein CJ (1970) Replicative lifespan of cultivated human cells. Effects of donor's age, tissue and genotype. Lab Invest. 23:86-92.
Martínez Lage JM, Hachinski V (2001) Envejecimiento cerebral y enfermedad. Editorial Triacastela. Madrid. España
McKerrow JH (1979) Non-enzymatic, post-translational, amino acid modifications in agein g. A brief review. Mech Ageing Dev. 1979 Jul;10(6):371-7.
Miller RA, Harrison DE (1985) Delayed reduction in T cell precursor frequencies accompanies diet-induced lifespan extension. J Immunol. Mar;134(3):1426-9.
Minot CS (1907) The problem of age, growth and death. Pop Sci Mon. 71:496.
Miquel J, Fleming JE (1984) A two-step hypothesis on the mechanisms of in vitro cell aging: cell differentiation followed by intrinsic mitochondrial mutagenesis. Exp Gerontol. 19(1):31-6.
Miquel J (1991) An integrated theory of aging as the result of mitochondrial-DNA mutation in differentiated cells. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. Mar-Jun;12(2-3):99-117.
Mozzhukhina TG, Chabanny VN, Levitsky EL, Litoshenko A (1991) Age-related changes of supranucleosomal structures and DNA-synthesizing properties of rat liver chromatin. Gerontology. 37(4):181-6.
Murasko DM, Goonewardene IM (1990) T-cell function in aging: mechanisms of decline. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 10:71-96.
Nakayama H, Uchida K, Doi K (2004) A comparative study of age-related brain pathology--are neurodegenerative diseases present in nonhuman animals? Med Hypotheses.63:198-202.
Nohl H (1993) Involvement of free radicals in ageing: a consequence or cause of senescence. Br Med Bull. Jul;49(3):653-67.
Orgel LE (1963) The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Apr;49:517-21.
Orgel LE (1970) The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing: a correction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Nov;67(3):1476.
Pardo Andreu G (2003) Consideraciones generales sobre algunas de las teoría s del envejecimiento. Rev Cubana Invest Biomed Universidad de Camagüey. 2003;1:22.
Pearl R (1928) The rate of living; being an account of some experimental studies on the biology of life duration. Knopf. New York.
Perillo NL, Walford RL, Newman MA, Effros RB (1989) Human T lymphocytes possess a limited in vitro life span. Exp Gerontol. 24(3):177-87.
Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Console GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, y col (2009) The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Feb;1153:98-106.
Rodes Texidor J, Guardia Massó J (1997) Biología del envejecimiento. Editorial Masson. Barcelona. España.
Salgado A, Guillén F (1990) Manual de Geriatría. Editorial Sa lvat. Barcelona. España.
Sheldrake A (1974) The ageing, growth, and death of cells. Nature. 250:381-5.
Slagboom PE, Heijmans BT, Beekman M, Westendorp RG, Meulenbelt I (2000) Genetics of human aging. The search for genes contributing to human longevity and diseases of the old. Ann N Y Acad Sci.Jun;908:50-63.
Strehler B (1989) Publication of the 50th volume of Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. Mech Ageing Dev. Oct;50(1):1-5.
Szilard L (1959) On the Nature of the Aging Process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jan;45(1):30-45.
Tassin J, Malaise E, Courtois Y (1979) Human lens cells have an in vitro proliferative capacity inversely proportional to the donor age. Exp Cell Res. Oct 15;123(2):388-92.
Volicer L, West CD, Chase AR, Greene L (1983) beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: effect of age and of dietary restriction. Mech Ageing Dev. Mar-Apr;21(3-4):283-93.
Walford R, Jawaid S, Naeim F (1981) Evidence for in vitro senescence of T-lymphocytes cultured from normal human peripheral blood. Age 4:67-70.
Wallace DC (1992) Mitochondrial genetics: a paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases? Science. May 1;256(5057):628-32.
Wallace DC (2005) A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu Rev Genet. 39:359-407.
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CAMBIAGGI, V. L., & ZUCCOLILLI, G. O. (2014). El envejecimiento del sistema nervioso. Revista Ciencias Morfológicas, 13(1). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/Morfol/article/view/910
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