Geometric morphometric analysis of the Basicranium of Ursidae (Carnivora, Mammalia)
Abstract
We present the first study of the auditory region and basicranium of Ursidae using a two-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis. Twenty-two type I and II landmarks were established and digitized using tpsUtil and tpsdig2. MorphoJ was used for the analysis. Shape variation was analyzed using a principal component analysis and a regression of the landmark coordinates against the logarithm of centroid size. The highest variation is summarized in the first two principal components (PC). Along PC1 the Ailuropodinae were separated with respect to the Tremarctinae and Ursinae. The latter were close to each other in the morphospace. The extinct species (Arctotherium angustidens, A. vetustum, A. tarijense and A. simus) present a shorter basicranium and more expanded mastoids than extant ursins but longer basicranium and more laterally compressed mastoids than ailuropodins. There was no clear separation of species along PC2. According to these results, we propose that the shape variation of the basicranium in Ursidae could be explained by the phylogenetic history within species.
Keywords: Ursidae, geometric morphometric, basicranium.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Arnaudo ME, Rodriguez S (2010) Morfología de la región auditiva del oso gigante Arctotherium angustidens Gervais y Ameghino (Ursidae, Tremarctinae). X Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía y VII LatinoAméricano de Paleontología. La Plata, Septiembre 20- Libro de resúmenes 1: 133
Arnaudo ME; Soibelzon L; Bona P and Schubert B (2014) First description of the auditory region of a Tremarctinae (Ursidae, Mammalia) bear: the case of Arctotherium angustidens. J Mammal Evol 21(3): 321–330.
Beaumont G (1968) Note sur la région auditive de quelques Carnivores. Arch Sci (Genève) 21: 211–224.
DeMaster D, Stirling I (1981)Ursus maritimus. Mammalian species. Am Soc Mammal 145: 1-7.
Flower WH (1869) On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in the classification of the Order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and other disputed forms. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1869: 4–37.
Garshelis D (2009) Ursidae. En: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Carnivores, Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA, Linx Editions, Barcelona, España.
Ginsburg L (1966) Les amphicyons des Phosphorites du Quercy. Ann Paleontol 52: 23–64.
Herrero S (1972) Aspects of evolution and adaptation in américan black bears (Ursus Américanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linné) of North América. Bears: Their Biology and Management, Vol. 2, A Selection of Papers from the Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. IUCN Publications New Series no. 23: 221-231
Hough MJ (1944) The auditory region in some Miocene carnivores. J Palaeontol 18: 470–479.
Hough JR (1948) The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae, and Ursidae. Its significance in the phylogeny of the Carnivora. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 92: 67–118.
Hough JR (1952) Auditory region in North Américan fossil Felidae; its significance in phylogeny. Geol Surv Prof Pap 243: 95–115.
Hunt RM Jr (1974) The auditory bulla in Carnivora: an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution. J Morphol 143: 21–75.
Juárez Casillas LA, Varas C (2011) Genética evolutiva y molecular de la familia Ursidae: una revisión bibliográfica actualizada. Therya 2: 47- 65.
Klingenberg CP (2011) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol Ecol Resour 11: 353–357.
Krause J, Unger T, Noçon A, Malaspinas A, Kolokotronis S, Stiller M, Soibelzon L, Spriggs H, Dear PH, Briggs AW, Bray SCE, O'Brien SJ, Rabeder G, Matheus P, Cooper A, Slatkin M, Pääbo S, Hofreiter M (2008) Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene Boundary. BMC Evol Biol 8: 220.
Larivière S (2001) Ursus Americanus. Mammalian species. Am Soc Mammal 647: 1–11.
Macrini TE, Flynn JJ, Croft DA, Wyss AR (2010) Inner ear of a notoungulate placental mammal: anatomical description and examination of potentially phylogenetically informative characters. J Anat 216: 600–610.
Nash WG, Wienberg J, Ferguson-Smith MA, Menninger JC, O'Brien SJ (1998) Comparative genomics: tracking chromosome evolution in the family Ursidae using reciprocal chromosome painting. Cytogenet Cell Genet 83: 182–192.
O'Brien SJ, Nash WG, Wildt DE, Bush ME, Benveniste RE (1985) A molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda's phylogeny. Nature 317: 140-144.
Pasitschniak M (1993) Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species. Am Soc Mammal 439: 1-10.
Rohlf J (2010) tpsdig2. Versión 2.16. Stony Brook, New York: Deparment of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York.
Rohlf J (2013) tpsUtil. Versión 1.56. Stony Brook, New York: Deparment of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York.
Soibelzon LH (2002) Los Ursidae (Carnivora, Fissipedia) fósiles de la República Argentina. Aspectos Sistemáticos y Paleoecológicos. Tesis doctoral de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Soibelzon LH, Schubert BW, Posadas PE (2010) A new phylogenetic analysis of Tremarctinae bears. VII Simpósio Brasileiro de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. Río de Janeiro, Junio, 18-23. Actas del VII Simposio Brasileiro de Paleontología de Vertebrados 1: 114.
Soibelzon LH, Tarantini VB (2009) Estimación de la masa corporal de las especies de osos fósiles y actuales (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) de América del Sur. Rev Mus Argentino Cienc Nat 11: 243–254.Solntseva, GN (2006) Organs of hearing and equilibrium during ontogenesis of mammals. Russ J Dev Biol 37: 282–300.
Talbot SL, Shields GF (1996) Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 5: 477–494.
Thenius E (1949) Zur Revision der Insektivoren des steirischen Tertiars II. Sitzungsberichte der Österrischen Akad Wissensch mathnaturwissensch Klasse Abt I 159: 671–693.
Torres T (1987) La región auditiva en los Osos del Pleistoceno europeo. Rev Esp Paleontol 2: 41–47.
Trajano E, Ferrarezzi H (1994) A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South Américan extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae). J Vertebr Paleontol 14: 552–561.
Turner HN (1848) Observations relating to some of the foramina at the base of the skull in Mammalia, and on the classification of the Order Carnivora. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1848: 63–88.
Van Der Klaauw CJ (1931) The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals with a general introduction to this region of the skull. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 62: 1–352.
Van Kampen PN (1905) Die Tympanalgegend des Säugetierschädels. Morphol Jahrb 34: 321–722.
Webb SD, Taylor B (1980) The phylogeny of hornless ruminants and description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx. Bull Am Soc Nat Hist 167: 121-157.
Wible J (1990) Late Cretaceous marsupial petrosal bones from North América and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals. J Vertebr Paleontol 10: 183-205.
Arnaudo ME; Soibelzon L; Bona P and Schubert B (2014) First description of the auditory region of a Tremarctinae (Ursidae, Mammalia) bear: the case of Arctotherium angustidens. J Mammal Evol 21(3): 321–330.
Beaumont G (1968) Note sur la région auditive de quelques Carnivores. Arch Sci (Genève) 21: 211–224.
DeMaster D, Stirling I (1981)Ursus maritimus. Mammalian species. Am Soc Mammal 145: 1-7.
Flower WH (1869) On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in the classification of the Order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and other disputed forms. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1869: 4–37.
Garshelis D (2009) Ursidae. En: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Carnivores, Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA, Linx Editions, Barcelona, España.
Ginsburg L (1966) Les amphicyons des Phosphorites du Quercy. Ann Paleontol 52: 23–64.
Herrero S (1972) Aspects of evolution and adaptation in américan black bears (Ursus Américanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linné) of North América. Bears: Their Biology and Management, Vol. 2, A Selection of Papers from the Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. IUCN Publications New Series no. 23: 221-231
Hough MJ (1944) The auditory region in some Miocene carnivores. J Palaeontol 18: 470–479.
Hough JR (1948) The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae, and Ursidae. Its significance in the phylogeny of the Carnivora. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 92: 67–118.
Hough JR (1952) Auditory region in North Américan fossil Felidae; its significance in phylogeny. Geol Surv Prof Pap 243: 95–115.
Hunt RM Jr (1974) The auditory bulla in Carnivora: an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution. J Morphol 143: 21–75.
Juárez Casillas LA, Varas C (2011) Genética evolutiva y molecular de la familia Ursidae: una revisión bibliográfica actualizada. Therya 2: 47- 65.
Klingenberg CP (2011) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol Ecol Resour 11: 353–357.
Krause J, Unger T, Noçon A, Malaspinas A, Kolokotronis S, Stiller M, Soibelzon L, Spriggs H, Dear PH, Briggs AW, Bray SCE, O'Brien SJ, Rabeder G, Matheus P, Cooper A, Slatkin M, Pääbo S, Hofreiter M (2008) Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene Boundary. BMC Evol Biol 8: 220.
Larivière S (2001) Ursus Americanus. Mammalian species. Am Soc Mammal 647: 1–11.
Macrini TE, Flynn JJ, Croft DA, Wyss AR (2010) Inner ear of a notoungulate placental mammal: anatomical description and examination of potentially phylogenetically informative characters. J Anat 216: 600–610.
Nash WG, Wienberg J, Ferguson-Smith MA, Menninger JC, O'Brien SJ (1998) Comparative genomics: tracking chromosome evolution in the family Ursidae using reciprocal chromosome painting. Cytogenet Cell Genet 83: 182–192.
O'Brien SJ, Nash WG, Wildt DE, Bush ME, Benveniste RE (1985) A molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda's phylogeny. Nature 317: 140-144.
Pasitschniak M (1993) Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species. Am Soc Mammal 439: 1-10.
Rohlf J (2010) tpsdig2. Versión 2.16. Stony Brook, New York: Deparment of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York.
Rohlf J (2013) tpsUtil. Versión 1.56. Stony Brook, New York: Deparment of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York.
Soibelzon LH (2002) Los Ursidae (Carnivora, Fissipedia) fósiles de la República Argentina. Aspectos Sistemáticos y Paleoecológicos. Tesis doctoral de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Soibelzon LH, Schubert BW, Posadas PE (2010) A new phylogenetic analysis of Tremarctinae bears. VII Simpósio Brasileiro de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. Río de Janeiro, Junio, 18-23. Actas del VII Simposio Brasileiro de Paleontología de Vertebrados 1: 114.
Soibelzon LH, Tarantini VB (2009) Estimación de la masa corporal de las especies de osos fósiles y actuales (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) de América del Sur. Rev Mus Argentino Cienc Nat 11: 243–254.Solntseva, GN (2006) Organs of hearing and equilibrium during ontogenesis of mammals. Russ J Dev Biol 37: 282–300.
Talbot SL, Shields GF (1996) Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 5: 477–494.
Thenius E (1949) Zur Revision der Insektivoren des steirischen Tertiars II. Sitzungsberichte der Österrischen Akad Wissensch mathnaturwissensch Klasse Abt I 159: 671–693.
Torres T (1987) La región auditiva en los Osos del Pleistoceno europeo. Rev Esp Paleontol 2: 41–47.
Trajano E, Ferrarezzi H (1994) A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South Américan extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae). J Vertebr Paleontol 14: 552–561.
Turner HN (1848) Observations relating to some of the foramina at the base of the skull in Mammalia, and on the classification of the Order Carnivora. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1848: 63–88.
Van Der Klaauw CJ (1931) The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals with a general introduction to this region of the skull. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 62: 1–352.
Van Kampen PN (1905) Die Tympanalgegend des Säugetierschädels. Morphol Jahrb 34: 321–722.
Webb SD, Taylor B (1980) The phylogeny of hornless ruminants and description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx. Bull Am Soc Nat Hist 167: 121-157.
Wible J (1990) Late Cretaceous marsupial petrosal bones from North América and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals. J Vertebr Paleontol 10: 183-205.
Downloads
Published
2017-02-08
How to Cite
FERNANDEZ BLANCO, M. V., & ARNAUDO, M. E. (2017). Geometric morphometric analysis of the Basicranium of Ursidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Revista Ciencias Morfológicas, 18(2), 1–10. Retrieved from https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/Morfol/article/view/3076
Issue
Section
Trabajos Originales
License
1. Política propuesta para revistas de acceso abierto
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
- Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as a publicar su trabajo en Internet (por ejemplo en páginas institucionales o personales) despues del proceso de revisión y publicación, ya que puede conducir a intercambios productivos y a una mayor y más rápida difusión del trabajo publicado.
