Dinámica del agua subsuperficial durante la sequía 2019-2023 en el sudeste de Córdoba
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24215/1850468Xe043Palabras clave:
nivel freático, humedad del suelo, modelos numéricos, estimaciones satelitalesResumen
El núcleo agrícola del sudeste de la Provincia de Córdoba ocupa una región de planicies con aguas subterráneas cercanas a la superficie, capaces de complementar los aportes pluviales en periodos en los que son deficitarios. Este trabajo investiga cómo impactó la última sequía 2019-2023 sobre la humedad del suelo superficial, la humedad del suelo en profundidad y el nivel freático, en 8 sitios cercanos a la localidad de Marcos Juárez. Para ello, analizamos observaciones puntuales de nivel freático (NF) y cuatro productos (SMAP-L4, SMOS-L3-L4, VST-CONAE, NOAH-SMAP) que informan la humedad del suelo en superficie (HSS) y profundidad (HSP). Sin que la precipitación mostrara una tendencia marcada entre junio 2018 y diciembre 2019, las series de NF, HSS y HSP declinaron lineal y significativamente, evidenciando retardos entre las manifestaciones meteorológicas, agrícolas e hidrológicas de la sequía. En promedio, el NF descendió 0.53 m/año, pasando de -1.42 m (enero 2019) a -4.85 m (octubre 2023), con marcas <-6 m en algunos sitios, no registradas desde principios del siglo. Tres de cuatro productos detectaron que la HSS presenta mayor tendencia, rango dinámico y variabilidad temporal que la HSP, en consonancia con el conocimiento general existente. Distintos análisis sobre estos productos muestran: mayor humedad para VST y NOAH que para SMAP y SMOS; acuerdo en las anomalías mensuales positivas antes del 2020 y negativas después del 2021; mayor correlación temporal de las anomalías mensuales medias en las combinaciones SMAP-SMOS y SMAP-NOAH. El NF se asoció significativamente a HSP mientras que la precipitación solo lo hizo con HSS. Observamos correlación no lineal entre el NF y HSP en casi todos los sitios y productos, acentuada cuando la HSP precede en un mes al NF. Los rendimientos del maíz y la soja disminuyeron en general hacia el final del periodo cuando la sequía se hizo mayormente presente. Sin embargo, hubo excepciones para la soja, donde el NF, aun con una tendencia de descenso, se mantuvo cerca de la superficie minimizando el impacto del déficit sobre el rendimiento.
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Derechos de autor 2024 Romina Ruscica, Mercedes Salvia, Lucia Cappelletti, Homero Lozza, Manuel Pulido, Fabricio Matías Obregón, Esteban Jobbágy
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