Efectos de la precipitación de partículas energéticas de origen solar en la atmosfera de la Tierra

Autores/as

  • Marta M. Zossi Laboratorio de Ionosfera, Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera, INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
  • Gustavo A. Mansilla Laboratorio de Ionosfera, Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera, INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
  • Elda M. Zotto Facultad de Tecnología y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca

Palabras clave:

precipitación de partículas energéticas, tormenta geomagnética, densidad electrónica, foF2, NOx, ozono

Resumen

La Tierra es continuamente “bombardeada” por partículas energéticas cargadas procedentes del espacio exterior que penetran en la atmósfera y pueden influir en una variedad de procesos atmosféricos.
El Sol emite ondas de radio, rayos X y partículas energéticas, además de la luz visible. El transporte de energía desde el Sol hacia la Tierra se produce de dos formas: (1) radiación electromagnética, que emite alrededor de 4 x 1033 erg/s irradiando la Tierra con 1,37x 10 3 W m-2 y (2) radiación corpuscular (el viento solar con el campo magnético interplanetario “congelado” en él y cualquier partícula solar energética que puede estar presente).
El ingreso de partículas energéticas solares a la magnetosfera de la Tierra produce efectos sobre las especies químicas de la atmosfera alta y media cuando precipitan en las zonas aurorales de ambos hemisferios guiadas por el campo geomagnético.
La ionosfera, como parte del entorno meteorológico espacial, juega un papel crucial a través de la modulación del circuito electrodinámico global, su acoplamiento a la magnetosfera y como medio clave para la comunicación, el sondeo y la navegación. Por tanto, una comprensión profunda de su variabilidad en todas las escalas de tiempo es un importante aporte al estudio de la meteorología espacial.
Como consecuencia de la intensificación de la precipitación de partículas durante periodos de tormenta geomagnética, se produce un aumento de la ionización, la creación de nitrógeno impar (NOx) y de hidrógeno impar (HOx) en la atmósfera superior, afectando la química del ozono estratosférico. Por otro lado, los campos eléctricos de origen magnetosférico, las perturbaciones atmosféricas viajeras, la circulación termosférica, y los cambios de composición química, explican las características ionosféricas de la densidad electrónica durante las distintas fases de tormentas geomagnéticas y en diferentes latitudes.

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2022-12-07

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Zossi, M. M., Mansilla, G. A., & Zotto, E. M. (2022). Efectos de la precipitación de partículas energéticas de origen solar en la atmosfera de la Tierra. Geoacta, 43(2), 46–65. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/geoacta/article/view/14288

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