Effects of the precipitation of energetic particles of solar origin in the Earth's atmosphere
Keywords:
energetic particle precipitation, geomagnetic storm, electron density, foF2, NOx, ozoneAbstract
The Earth is continuously "bombarded" by energetic charged particles from outer space that penetrate the atmosphere and can influence a variety of atmospheric processes.
The Sun emits radio waves, X-rays and energetic particles in addition to visible light. The energy transport from the Sun to the Earth occurs in two forms: (1) electromagnetic radiation, which emits about 4 x 1033 erg/s irradiating the Earth with 1.37x 10 3 W m-2 and (2) corpuscular radiation (the solar wind with the interplanetary magnetic field "frozen" into it and any energetic solar particles that may be present).
The inflow of solar energetic particles into the Earth's magnetosphere produces effects on chemical species in the high and middle atmosphere as they precipitate into the auroral zones of the two hemispheres guided by the geomagnetic field.
The ionosphere, as part of the space weather environment, plays a crucial role through modulation of the global electrodynamic circuitry, its coupling to the magnetosphere, and as a key medium for communication, sounding, and navigation. Therefore, a deep understanding of its variability on all time scales is an important contribution to the study of space weather.
As a consequence of intensified particle precipitation during periods of geomagnetic storms, there is an increase in ionization, the creation of odd nitrogen (NOx) and odd hydrogen (HOx) in the upper atmosphere, affecting the chemistry of stratospheric ozone. Also, electric fields of magnetospheric origin, circulating atmospheric disturbances, thermospheric circulation, and chemical composition changes explain the ionospheric characteristics of the electron density during different phases of geomagnetic storms and at different latitudes.
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