Evaluation of the use of different antennas and the influence of the non verticality in gps measurements
Keywords:
GPS, Satellite Geodesy, Precise Positioning, GPS Monuments, Antennas ChangingAbstract
In this work six tests of episodic GPS measurements were performed with 48 hours of observation, which aims to evaluate the repeatability of a position by using different models of antennas and also estimate the influence of non-verticality in the resulting coordinates. The requirement to obtain precise positioning in studies of the dynamics of the Earth, where the phenomena to be observed produce effects of just a few millimeters, leads to consider
important factors such as the type of antenna to be used, avoid inclinations in monumentations and the application of correction files to observations. GPS observations have been processed with the Bernese software v5.0 using different algorithms. The comparison between antennas showed results with significant differences, 3 to 5 cm in the Up component, mainly when antennas suitable for topographic or cartographic uses (Trimble Zephyr) are used in networks with base-lines greater than 1000 km, with ionosphere-free combination with tropospheric parameter estimation solutions (L3+Tropo). In short base-lines (approximately 200 m) and single frequency L1 processing, differences in the Up component values were between 0,02 cm and 0,1 cm. In the case where the monumentation was tilted angle of approximately 5° toward 2 north, a variation of the coordinates in the order of 1 cm in the Northen component was
observed (tilt direction).
Downloads
References
Argus, D., Y. Fu, F. Landerer, (2014). Seasonal variation in total water storage in California inferred from GPS observations of vertical land motion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1971–1980
Bennett, R.A., S. Hreinsdottir, M. S. Velasco, N.P. Fay, (2007), GPS constraints on vertical crustal motion in the northern Basin and Range, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (L22319), 1-5
Brooks, B.A., M. Bevis, R. Smalley Jr., E. Kendrick, R. Manceda, E. Lauría, R. Maturana, M. Araujo, (2003). Crustal motion in the Southern Andes (26º–36º S): Do the Andes behave like a microplate? Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4(10): 1-14
Combrinck, L., and M. Schmidt, (1999). Physical Site Specifications: Geodetic Site Monumentation. En: Proceedings of the IGS Network Workshop, Nov 2-5, 1998, IGS Central Bureau JPL, At Annapolis, USA, pp 91-107
Dach, R., U. Hugentobler, P. Fridez, M. Meindl (Eds.), (2007). Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0. Astronomical Institute Univ. of Bern, Switzerland. http://www.bernese.unibe.ch/docs50/DOCU50.pdf
Estey, L. and C.M. Meertens, (1999). TEQC: The multi-purpose toolkit for GPS/GLONASS data. GPS Solutions 3(1): 42-49
Görres, B., J. Campbell, M. Becker, M. Siemes, (2006). Absolute calibration of GPS antennas: laboratory results and comparison with field and robot techniques. GPS Solut. 10(2): 136–145
ICSM, (2014). Permanent Committee on Geodesy (PCG). Standard for the Australian Survey Control Network (SP1), Version 2.1, October 2014. Guideline for Continuously Operating Reference Stations V2.1. 1-43. http://www.icsm.gov.au/publications/sp1/Guideline-forContinuously-Operating-Reference-Stations_v2.1.pdf
Jackson, M., (2002). Preliminary report on data quality with a Trimble 5700 GPS receiver and an Ashtech Choke Ring Antenna. http://kb.unavco.org/kb/assets/237/5700Ashtech.pdf
Johnson, J., J. Braun, C. Rocken, T. VanHove, (1995).The Role of Multipath in Antenna Height Tests at Table Mountain, UNAVCO. https://www.unavco.org/projects/projectsupport/development-testing/publications/tblmtn/tblmtn.pdf
Krantz, E., S. Riley, P. Large, (2001). The Design and Performance of the Zephyr Geodetic Antenna. En: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 2001), Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 1942-1951
Mader, G., (1998). Calibration of GPS Antennas. NOAA, NOS, NGS, GRD. http://www.grdl.noaa.gov/GRD/GPS/Projects/ANTCAL
Menge, F., G. Seeber, C. Völksen, (1998). Results of Absolute Field Calibration of GPS Antenna PCV. En: Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1998), Nashville, TN, USA, pp 31-38
Steigenberger, P., U. Hugentobler, U. Hessels, K. Röttcher, S. Lutz, R. Dach, (2015). Monitoring of Antenna Changes at IGS Stations in Iceland. IAG 150 Years. Springer, Cham., pp 579-585
Normandeau, J. E., C. Meertens, B. Bartel, (2008). GPS antenna monuments and mounts supported by UNAVCO: Options and Effectiveness. En: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Boiulder, Colorado, USA
Serpelloni, E., C. Faccenna, G. Spada, D. Dong, S.D.P. Williams, (2013). Vertical GPS ground motion rates in the Euro Mediterranean region: New evidence of velocity gradients at different spatial scales along the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth 118: 6003–6024
Takasu, T., N. Kubo, A. Yasuda, (2007). Development, Evaluation and Application of RTKLIB: A program library for RTK-GPS, GPS/GNSS. http://www.rtklib.com/prog/manual_2.4.1.pdf
Wübbena, G., M. Schmitz, G. Boettcher, C. Schumann, (2006). Absolute GNSS Antenna Calibration with a Robot: Repeatability of Phase Variations, Calibration of GLONASS and 12 Determination of Carrier-to-Noise Pattern. En: Proceedings of the IGS Workshop, “Perspectives and Visions for 2010 and beyond”, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany. http://www.geopp.com/pdf/gppigs06_pabs_g.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Marcelo Durand, Esteban Lannutti, María Gabriela Lenzano, Luis Eduardo Lenzano
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Starting in 2022 (Vol. 43 number 2) articles will be published in the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
According to these terms, the material can be shared (copied and redistributed in any medium or format) and adapted (remixed, transformed and created from the material another work), provided that a) the authorship and the original source of its publication (journal and URL of the work), b) is not used for commercial purposes and c) the same license terms are maintained.
Prior to this date the articles were published in the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY)
In both cases, the acceptance of the originals by the journal implies the non-exclusive assignment of the economic rights of the authors in favor of the editor, who allows reuse, after editing (postprint), under the license that corresponds according to the edition.
Such assignment means, on the one hand, that after its publication (postprint) in the GEOACTA Magazine of the Association of Geophysicists and Geodesists, the authors can publish their work in any language, medium and format (in such cases, it is requested that it be recorded that the material was originally published in this journal); on the other, the authorization of the authors for the work to be harvested by SEDICI, the institutional repository of the National University of La Plata, and to be disseminated in the databases that the editorial team considers appropriate to increase visibility. of the publication and its authors.
Likewise, the journal encourages the authors so that after their publication in the Journal of the Association of Geophysicists and Geodesists, they deposit their productions in other institutional and thematic repositories, under the principle that offering society scientific production and Unrestricted academic scholarship contributes to a greater exchange of global knowledge.