Una revisión de la polarimetría y los efectos ionosféricos sobre los sistemas SAR, INSAR y PALSAR: requerimientos y métodos de corrección

Autores/as

  • Víctor Hugo Rios Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, CONICET.

Palabras clave:

SAR, POLInSAR, CET, RF (Rotacion Faraday)

Resumen

Este estudio proporciona una actualización de las herramientas polarimétricas que se utilizan actualmente para la extracción óptima de la información a partir de imágenes de Radares de Apertura Sintética, SAR, de imágenes Interferométricas de SAR, InSAR e imágenes polarimétricas de SAR en la banda L, PALSAR. Los fundamentos de la teoría polarimétrica son discutidos en el contexto del radar de apertura sintética (SAR). Se revisa la calibración polarimétrica SAR, que es un tema importante para la extracción de información. Es considerada la extracción de información usando los parámetros de ondas dispersadas recibidas. Se proponen algunos esquemas de corrección ionosférica para las ondas transmitidas por el radar de apertura sintética (SAR) y para la interferometría SAR polarimétrica (PolInSAR) en el espacio. La variación temporal y espacial de la densidad de electrónica en la alta atmosfera afecta la propagación del pulso de radar dando lugar a distorsiones de la imagen. Se estima el Contenido Electrónico Total (CET) mediante la aplicación de la ecuación de Appleton-Hartree debido a distorsiones de enfoque, polarimetría e interferometría. Se propo-ne un estimador combinado que produce estimaciones diferenciales de CET. Se discute además el efecto de la estructura vertical de la ionosfera desde la fase interferométrica y se describen instrucciones importantes para la investigación futura.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Agrawal, A.B. and Boerner, W. M., (1989).Redevelopment of Kennaugh’s target characteristic polarization state theory using the polarization transformation ratio formalism for the coherent case. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 27(1): 2–14.

Ainsworth, T.L., Jansen, R.W., Lee, J.S. y Fiedler, R., (1999). Sub - aperture analysis of high - resolution polarimetric SAR data. En: Procedings of the IGARSS’99 Symposium, Hamburg, Germany, 41-46.

Antar, Y.M.M., Hendry, A. y McCormick, G.C., (1992). Circular polarization for remote sensing of precipitation. IEEE Transaction, Antennas Propagat., 34(6): 7–16.

Appleton, Sir Edward, (1932). Wireless studies of the ionosphere. Journal Inst. Electronic Engineering, 71: 642–650.

Azzam, R.M.A., (1977). Ellipsometry and Polarized Light. North Holland, Amsterdam, 558 p.

Barakat, R., (1981). Bilinear constraints between elements of the 4x4 Mueller - Jones transfer matrix of polarization theory. Opticus Communication, 38: 159–161.

Barakat, R., (1985). The statistical properties of partially polarized waves. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 32(3): 295–312.

Barnes, R.M., (1986). Antenna polarization calibration using in - scene reflectors. En: Proc. of 10th DARPA/TriService Millimeter Wave Symposium, US Army Harry Diamond Lab., Adelphi, MD, 35-40.

Beaulieu, J.M. and Touzi, R., (2003). Segmentation of textured scenes using polarimetric SARs. En: Proc. of IGARSS 2003, Toulouse, France, 1: 446-448.

Beaulieu, J.M. y Touzi, R., (2004). Segmentation of textured scenes using polarimetric SARs. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 42(10): 2063-2072.

Belcher, D.P., (2008). Theoretical limits on SAR imposed by the ionosphere, IET Radar Sonar Navigation, 2(6):435-448.

Boerner, W.M., El-Arini, M.B., Chan, C. y Mastoris, P.M., (1981). Polarization dependence in electromagnetic inverse problems. IEEE Transaction, Antennas Propagation, AP–29: 262–271.

Boerner, W. M., Liu, C.L. y Zhang, (1993). Comparison of Optimization Processing for 2x2 Sinclair, 2x2 Graves, 3x3 Covariance, and 4x4 Mueller (Symmetric) Matricies in Coherent Radar Polarimetry and its Application to Target Versus Background Discrimination in Microwave Remote Sensing. En: EARSeL Advances in Remote Sensing, 55–82.

Boerner, W.M., Mott, H., Luneburg, E., Livingstone, C., Brisco, B., Brown, R. J., Paterson, J.S. with contributions by Cloude, S.R., Krogager, E., Lee, J.S., Schuler, D.L., van Zyl, J.J., Randall, D., Budkewitsch, P., and Pottier, E., (1998). Polarimetry in Radar Remote Sensing: Basic and Applied Concepts. En: Ryerson, R. A., editor. Manual of Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar, John Wiley and Sons, 3(5): 271–356.

Boerner, W.M., Walther, M. y Segal, A.C., (1993). Development of the polarimetric contrast enhancement optimization procedure and its application to sea surface scatter in POL-SAR image analysis. En: Proc. of IGARSS’93, Tokyo, Japan, 180-187

Boerner, W.M. y Xi, A.Q., (1990). Characteristic radar target polarization state theory for the coherent monostatic and reciprocal case using the generalized polarization transformation ration formulation. En: AEU, 44(4): 273– 281.

Boerner, W.M., Yan, W-L., Xi, A-Q., and Yamaguchi, Y., (1991). On the Principles of Radar Polarimetry (Invi- ted Review): The Target Characteristic Polarization State theory of Kennaugh, Huynen’s Polarization Fork Concept, and Its Extension to the Partially Polarized Case. In IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Electromag-netic Theory, vol. 79(10), 1538–1550.

Borgeaud, M., Shin, R.T. y Kong, J.A., (1987). Theoretical models for polarimetric radar clutter. Journal Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 1(1): 73–89.

Born, M. y Wolf, E., (1959). Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, 800 p.

Cameron, W.L., Youssef, N. y Leung, L.K., (1996). Simulated polarimetric signatures of primitive geometrical shapes. IEEE Trans. Geoscience Remote Sensing, 34(3): 793–803.

Campbell, J.B. y Wynne, R.H., (2011). Introduction to Remote Sensing, Fifth Edition. The Guilford Press, New York - London, 667p.

Chandrasekhar, S., (1960). Radiative Transfer. Dover, New York, 392p.

Christensen, E.L., Skou, N., Dall. J., Woelders, K.W., Jorgensen, J.H., Granholm, J. y Madsen, S.N., (1998). EMISAR absolutely calibrated polarimetric L and C - band SAR. IEEE Trans. Geoscience Remote Sensing, 6: 1852–1855.

Cloude, S.R., (1985). Radar target decomposition theorems. Electronics Letters, 21(1): 22–24.

Cloude, S.R., (1986). Group theory and polarization algebra. Optik, 75(1): 26–36.

Cloude, S.R., (1997). Wide band polarimetric radar inversion studies using the entropy-alpha decomposition. En: SPIE, 3120: 118–129.

Cloude, S.R., (1988). Uniqueness of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry. En: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Direct and Inverse Methods in Radar Polarimetry, W.-M.

Boerner et al (eds); Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1992; NATO ASI Series C, 350: 267-296, 1938 p. Cloude, S.R. y Pottier, E., (1996). A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 34(2): 498–518.

Cloude, S.R. y Pottier, E., (1997). Application of the H/A/polarimetric decomposition theorem for land classification. SPIE, 3120: 132–143.

Cloude, S.R. y Pottier, E., (1997). An entropy based classification scheme for land applications of polarimetric SARs. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 35(2): 68–78.

Conradsen, K., Nielsen, A.A., Schou, J. y Skriver, H., (2003). A test statistic in the complex Wishart distribution and its application to change detection in polarimetric SAR data. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 41(1): 4–19.

Corr, D.G. y Rodrigues, A.F., (2002). Alternative basis matrices for polarimetric decomposition. En: Proc. of EUSAR2002, Cologne, Germany,1: 992-998.

Curlander, J.C. y McDonough, R.N., (1991). Synthetic Aperture Radar: System and Signal Processing. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 340 p.

Curlander, J.C. y McDonough, R.N., (1991). Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems and Signal Processing, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 672 p.

Davidovitz, M. y Boerner, W.M., (1986). Extension of Kennaugh’s Optimal Polarization Concept to the Asymmetric Matrix Case. IEEE Transaction. Antennas Propagation, 34(4): 569–574.

Deschamps, G.A., (1951). Geometrical Representation of the Polarization of a Plane Electromagnetic Wave. En: Proceedings IRE, 39: 540–544.

Deschamps, G.A. y Mast, P.E., (1973). Poincare Sphere Representation of Partially Polarized. IEEE Transaction. Antennas Propagation, AP–21(4): 474–478.

Dubois, P.C., (1992). Approach to derivation of SIR-C science requirements. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 30: 1145–1148.

Dubois, P.C. y Norikane, L., (1987). Data volume reduction for imaging radar polarimetry. En: Proceedings of IGARSS’87 Symposium, 691–697.

Dubois-Fernandez, P., Ruault, du Plessis O., Vaizan, B., Dupuis, X., Cantalloube, H., Coulombeix, C., TitinSchnaider, C., Dreuillet, P., Boutry, J.M., Canny, J.P., Peyret, J., Martineau, P., Chanteclerc, M. y Bruyanti, J.P., (2002). The ONERA RAMSES SAR system. En: Proceedings IGARSS 2002, Toronto, Canada, 335 p.

Egan, W.G., (2004). Optical Remote Sensing Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel, 483 p.

Eom, H.J. y Boerner, W.M., (1991). Statistical Properties of Phase Difference Between Two OrthogonallyPolarized SAR Signals. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 29(11): 182–184.

Evans, D.L., Farr, T.G., van Zyl, J.J. y Zebker, H.A., (1988). Radar polarimetry: Analysis tools and applications. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 26(6): 774–789.

Ferro-Famil, L., Pottier, E. y Lee, J.S., (2001). Unsupervised classification of multifrequency and fully polarimetric SAR images based on the H/A/Alpha- Wishart classifier. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing. 39(11): 2332–2342.

Ferro-Famil, L., Reigber, A., Pottier, E. y Boerner, W.M., (2003). Scene characterization using sub-aperture polarimetric SAR data analysis. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 41(10): 2264–2276.

Foo, B.Y., Chaudhuri, S.K. y Boerner, W.M., (1984). A High Frequency Inverse Scattering Model to Recover the Specular Point Curvature from Polarimetric Scattering Matrix Data. IEEE Transaction, Antennas Propagation, 32(11): 1174–1178.

Foo, B.Y., Chaudhuri, S.K. y Boerner, W.M., (1990). Polarization Correction and Extension of the KennaughCosgriff Target - Ramp Response Equation to the Bistatic Case and Applications to Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering. IEEE Transaction, Antennas Propagation, 38(7): 964–972.

Freeman A., (1991). A new system model for radar polarimeters. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 29(4): 761–767.

Freeman, A., (1992). SAR calibration: An overview. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 30(6):1107– 1122.

Freeman, A. (1995). SIR - C/X data quality and calibration results. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 33(4): 848–857.

Freeman, A., (2004). Calibration of linearly polarized SAR data subject to Faraday rotation. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 42(8): 1617-1624.

Freeman, A. and Durden, S.L., (1998). A Three-Component Scattering Model for Polarimetric SAR Data. IEEE Trans. Geoscience Rem. Sens., 36(3): 963–973.

Freeman, A. y Saatchi, S., (2004). On the detection of Faraday rotation in linearly polarized L - band SAR backscatter signatures. IEEE Transaction, Geoscience Remote Sensing, 42(8): 1607-1616.

Freeman, A., Villasenor, J., Klein, J.D., Hoogeboom, P., y Groot, J., (2001). On the use of Multi-Frequency and Polarimetric Radar Backscatter Features for Classification of Agricultural Crops. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15(9): 1799–1812.

Freeman, Tony, Pi, Xiaoqing and Zhou, Xiaoyan, (2009). Sub-Mesoscale Imaging of the Ionosphere with SMAP. CEOS Workshop, ASF, Fairbanks, Alaska, 10 p.

Iannini, Lorenzo, (2013). SAR Polarimetric Monitoring by Natural Calibrators, Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Electtronica e Informazione, PhD Thesis.

Graves, M.R., Peyman, D.L., Jenkins, T.F., Bigl, S., Walsh, M.E., Hewitt, A.D., Lambert, D., Perron, N., Ramsey, C., Gamey, J., Beard, L., Doll, W.E. y Magoun, D., (2007). Evaluation of Airborne Remote Sensing Techniques for Predicting the Distribution of Energetic Compounds on Impact Areas. Engineering Research and Development Center, ERDC TR-07-13,188 p.

Kim, J.S. y Papathanassiou, K.P., (2010). Faraday rotation estimation performance analysis. En: Proceedings EUSAR2010 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Aachen, Germany, June7–10, 4p.

Khorram, S., Koch, F.H., van der Wiele, C.F., Stacy A. y Nelson C., (2012). Remote Sensing. International Space University, Springer, 141p.

Klimenko, M.V., Klimenko, V.V., Ratovsky, K.G., Goncharenko, L.P., Sahay Y., MacKinnell, L.A., Lynn, K.J., Vlasov, A.A., Vesnin, A.M., Rios, V.H., Zykov, E. Yu., Habarulema, J.B. y de Abreu, A.J., (2011). Model/Data comparison of the ionospheric effects at the separate stations during geomagnetic storms on September 2005. 13avo Simposio IES (Ionosphere Effects Symposium), Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 9 p.

Lavalle, Marco, (2009). Full and Compact Polarimetric Radar Interferometry for Vegetation Remote Sensing. UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES1, Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes and UNIVERSITÁ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA TOR VERGATA, Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemi e Produzione. PhD Thesis.

Meyer, Franz, (2010). Performance requirements for correction of ionospheric signals in L-band SAR data. En: Proceedings EUSAR 2010 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Aachen, Germany, June7–10, 5 p.

Meyer, Franz J., (2008). Member, IEEE and Jeremy B. Nicoll. Prediction, Detection, and Correction of Faraday Rotation in Full - Polarimetric L - Band SAR Data. IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 46 (10): 3076-3086.

Meyer, F.J, Rosen, P., Freeman, A., Papathanassiou, K., Nicoll, J., Watkins, B., Eineder, M., Bricic, R., Ainsworth T., (2010). A Review of Ionospheric Effects in Low-Frequency SAR Data. IGARSS’10, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 29-32.

Ouchi, K., (2013). Recent Trend and Advance of Synthetic Aperture Radar with Selected Topics. Remote Sensing, 5: 716-807.

Raimadoya, M.A. y Trisasongko, B.H., (2007). Application of Polsar For Tropical Timber Plantation. En: Indonesia; ESA, POLinsar 2007 Symposium, 7p.

Reddy, A. M., (2008). Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems. Third Edition. BS Publications,Giriraj Lane, Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad - 500095 AP, 453 p.

Rios, V.H., Leal, S., de Haro, B., Padilla, P. y Esquivel, H., (2010). Evaluation of Inversion Methods Applied to Ionospheric RO Observation, International Beacon Satellite Symposium, Barcelona, June 7 – 11, 6 p.

Sandberg, G., (2013). Estimation of Forest Biomass and Faraday Rotation using Ultra High Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, PhD Thesis for the degree of doctor of Philosophy.

Sauer, S., Ferro-Famil, L., Reigber, A. y Pottier, E., (2007). Multibaseline POL-InSAR analysis of urban scenes for 3D modeling and physical feature retrieval at L-band. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE International Symposium - IGARSS'07, 4 p.

Sokol, J., NcNairn, H. y Pultz, T.J., (2011). Case studies demonstrating hydrological applications of C-band multi-polarized and polarimetric SAR CJRS. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 37(1): 1-170, 3701- 3710.

Souyris, J.C., Stacy N., Ainsworth, Lee J.S., Dubois-Fernandez, P.S., (2007). Compact Polarimetry (Cp) For Earth Observation and Planetology: Concept and Challenges A study case at P band; ESA, POLinsar, Symposium, 12 p.

Tarantola, A., (2005). Inverse Problem Theory and Methods for Model Parameter Estimation, SIAM. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 317 p.

Tsynkov, S., (2013). Single Polarization SAR Imaging in the Presence of Faraday Rotation. Air Force Office of Scientifc Research (AFOSR). Workshop on Electromagnetism, Arlington, VA, 279–287.

Tsynkov, S.V., (2012). Reducing the ionospheric distortions of spaceborne SAR images by dual carrier probing. Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM) meeting “Challenges in Synthetic Aperture Radar”, Los Angeles CA, 42-47.

Valladares, C. y Ríos, V.H., (2010). Observation of TID’s Using the LISN Network. International Beacon Satellite Symposium, Barcelona, June 7 – 11, 5 p.

Xu, Z., Wu, J. y Wu, Z., (2004). A survey of ionospheric effects on space-based radar, Waves in Random Media, 14: 189–273.

Yeh, K.C. y Liu, C.H., (1972). Theory of Ionospheric Waves, Academic Press, Inc., 190 p

Descargas

Publicado

2014-04-07

Cómo citar

Rios, V. H. (2014). Una revisión de la polarimetría y los efectos ionosféricos sobre los sistemas SAR, INSAR y PALSAR: requerimientos y métodos de corrección . Geoacta, 39(1), 90–107. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/geoacta/article/view/13497

Número

Sección

Artículos científicos