Craniofacial morphological diversity of North, Central, and South America: Implications for discussions about oral biology and health

Mark Hubbe

doi:10.24215/18536387e082

Autores/as

Mark Hubbe The Ohio State University, Estados Unidos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-3942

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e082

Palabras clave:

diversidad biológica, dispersión humana, morfología

Resumen

La morfología craneofacial tiene un importante rol en varios aspectos de las funciones masticatorias y de la salud oral de individuos y, por lo tanto, debe ser considerada un aspecto básico de investigaciones dedicadas a la integración de prácticas antropológicas y ortodónticas, dirigidas a mejorar las condiciones de salud oral e higiene bucal en poblaciones de distintos contextos bioculturales. Este artículo presenta una síntesis del conocimiento actual sobre la diversidad craneofacial en poblaciones nativas de las Américas del Norte, Central, y del Sur, sumándose al volumen especial sobre “La antropología se une a la odontología en América Central: Investigación y educación en biología oral”. El artículo resume la historia de ocupación humana de los continentes americanos, con especial énfasis en cómo eventos tempranos y recientes contribuyeron a la diversidad morfológica observada en los continentes. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre poblaciones nativas de la América Central, e inferencias sobre la región dependen en gran parte de extrapolaciones de lo que se conoce desde las Américas del Norte y del Sur. Considerándose el estado de conocimiento actual, este artículo propone que grupos actuales de América Central presentan características morfológicas únicas a la región, lo que significa que la aplicación de modelos construidos usando como referencia otras poblaciones del planeta pueden ser de poca validez. Por lo tanto, comprender la variación regional en la morfología craneofacial es una prioridad, y debe ser abordada considerando los distintos factores cumulativos (genéticos, de desarrollo, culturales, e históricos) que han influenciado la historia biológica y cultural de las poblaciones de América Central.

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