(Neo)Determinismo y reducción explicativa en investigaciones epigenéticas en torno a lo humano y sus implicancias biopolíticas

Manuel Ignacio Stefanini; Ana Liza Tropea; Nicolás José Lavagnino

doi:10.24215/18536387e086

Autores/as

Manuel Ignacio Stefanini Universidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4717-6102
Ana Liza Tropea Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7453-5373
Nicolás José Lavagnino Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9737-3820

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e086

Palabras clave:

herencia epigenética, centrismo del gen, dualismo causal epigenoma-ambiente, normalización biopolítica, biopolítica epigenética

Resumen

La epigenética como campo disciplinar de consolidación reciente, al estudiar lo humano trajo consigo promesas de superación del determinismo y la reducción explicativa propios de la corriente gen-centrista de la genética. Sin embargo, al analizar las características epistemológicas del abordaje epigenético de lo humano, dichas promesas parecen no haberse cumplido. El borramiento del límite naturaleza/crianza habilita un tipo particular de determinismo cuyo alcance en términos biopolíticos se inscribe en el control de los comportamientos posibles. Se profundiza así el grado de intervención de la vida humana, al mismo tiempo que se actualizan aquellos tipos de normalización biopolítica legitimados desde la genética a lo largo del siglo XX.

Descargas

Métricas

Visualizaciones del PDF

162

|

Citas

Alvarez Pelaez, R. (2005). Eugenesia, ideología y discurso de poder en España. En M. Miranda y G. Vallejo (Eds.), Darwinismo social y eugenesia en el mundo latino (pp. 87-114). Siglo veintiuno editores de Latinoamerica.

Baedke, J. y Delgado, A. N. (2019). Race and nutrition in the New World: Colonial shadows in the age of epigenetics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 76, 101-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.03.004

Billinger, M. S. (2007). Another look at ethnicity as a biological concept: Moving anthropology beyond the race concept. Critique of Anthropology, 27(1), 5-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X07073815

Bird, A. (2007). Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature, 447, 396–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05913

Chellappoo, A. y Baedke, J. (2023). Where the social meets the biological: New ontologies of biosocial race. Synthese, 201(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-04006-0

Chung, E., Cromby, J., Papadopoulos, D. y Tufarelli, C. (2016). Social epigenetics: A science of social science? The Sociological Review, 64(1), 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/2059-7932.12019

Costa, D. L., Yetter, N. y DeSomer, H. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of paternal trauma among US Civil War ex-POWs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(44), 11215-11220. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803630115

Debes, F., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Weihe, P., Whit, R. F. y Grandjean, P. (2006) Impact of prenatal methylmercury exposure on neurobehavioral function at age 14 years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 28, 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2006.02.005

Deichmann, U. (2016). Epigenetics: The origins and evolution of a fashionable topic. Developmental Biology, 416(1), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.005

Deleuze, G. (1990). Conversaciones 1972-1990. Pre-Textos.

Descola, P. y Pons, H. (2012). Más allá de naturaleza y cultura. Amorrortu.

Demarest, B. (2022). Epigenesis. En D. Jalobeanu y C. T. Wolfe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of early modern philosophy and the sciences (pp. 601-605). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31069-5_281

di Pasquo, F., Francese, Ch. y Folguera, G. (2017). ¿Estrategia reductiva? De la ecología de sistemas a la fisiología. Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology, 21(1), 99-123. https://doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2017v21n1p99

Dobzhansky, T. (1951). Genetics and the origin of species (3a Ed.). Columbia University Press.

Dupras, C. y Ravitsky, V. (2016). Epigenetics in the neoliberal “Regime of truth”: A biopolitical perspective on knowledge translation. The Hastings Center Report, 46(1), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.522

Dupras, C., Saulnier, K. M. y Joly, Y. (2019). Epigenetics, ethics, law and society: A multidisciplinary review of descriptive, instrumental, dialectical and reflexive analyses. Social Studies of Science, 249(5), 785-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719866007

Eldredge, N. (1985). Unfinished synthesis: Biological hierarchies and modern evolutionary thought. Oxford University Press.

Felsenfeld, G. (2014). A brief history of epigenetics. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(1), a018200. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a018200

Folguera, G. y Pallitto, N. (2018). Diversidad, pluralismos, reducciones en la biología: Análisis de las relaciones entre nociones de gen. Metatheoria, 8(2), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.48160/18532330me8.176

Folguera, G. y Lombardi, O. (2012). The relationship between microevolution and macroevolution, and the structure of the extended synthesis. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 34(4), 539-559.

Foucault, M. (2001). Defender la sociedad. Curso en el Collège de France (1975-1976). Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Foucault, M. (2006). Seguridad, territorio, población. Curso en el Collège de France (1977-1978). Fondo de Cultura económica.

Fox Keller, E. (1995). Refiguring life: Metaphors of twentieth century biology. Columbia University Press.

Fox Keller, E. (2000). The century of the gene. (3ª ed.). The Harvard University Press.

Gould, S. J. (2006). The mismeasure of man (Revised and expanded). WW Norton & Company.

Griffiths, P. E. (2017). Genetic, epigenetic and exogenetic information in development and evolution. Interface Focus, 7(5), 20160152. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0152

Haig, D. (2011). Commentary: The epidemiology of epigenetics. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr183

Heard, E. y Martienssen, R. A. (2014). Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Myths and mechanisms. Cell, 157(1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.045

Heyn, H., Moran, S., Hernando-Herraez, I., Sayols, S., Gomez, A., Sandoval, J., Monk, D., Hata, K., Marques Bonet, T., Wang, L. y Esteller, M. (2013). DNA methylation contributes to natural human variation. Genome Research, 23(9), 1363-1372.

Horsthemke, B. (2018). A critical view on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans. Nature Communications, 9, 2973. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05445-5

Hüttemann, A. y Love, A. C. (2011) Aspects of reductive explanation in biological science: Intrinsicality, fundamentality, and temporality. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 62(3), 5. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axr006

Jablonka, E. y Lamb, M. J. (2002). The changing concept of epigenetics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 981(1), 82-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04913.x

Jablonka, E. y Lamb, M. J. (2007). The expanded evolutionary synthesis-a response to Godfrey-Smith, Haig, and West-Eberhard. Biology and Philosophy, 22, 453-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9064-z

Kaiser, M. I. (2011). The limits of reductionism in the life sciences. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 33(4), 453-76.

Keaney, J., Byrne, H., Warin, M. y Kowal, E. (2023). Refusing epigenetics: Indigeneity and the colonial politics of trauma. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 46(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-023-00596-1

Kuzawa, C. y Sweet, E. (2009). Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: Developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health. American Journal of Human Biology, 21(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20822

Lavagnino, N. J., Barbero, S. y Folguera, G. (2018). Caracterización, alcances y dificultades de las “bases biológicas” del Trastorno de Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH). Un abordaje desde la Filosofía de la Biología. Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva, 28(1), e280110. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312018280110

Lazzarato, M. (2006). Políticas del acontecimiento. Editorial Tinta Limón.

Lewontin, C., Kamin, L. J. y Rose, S. P. R. (1984). Not in our genes biology, ideology, and human nature. Pantheon Books.

Lewontin, R. C. (2000). The triple helix: gene, organism, and environment. Harvard University Press.

Lewontin, R. C. (2001). It ain’t necessarily so: the dream of the human genome and other illusions. New York Review of Books.

Lock, M. (2013). The epigenome and nature/nurture reunification: A challenge for anthropology. Medical Anthropology: Cross-cultural Studies in Health and Illness, 32(4), 291-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2012.746973

MacWhorter, L. (2009). Racism and sexual oppression in Anlgo-America. A genealogy. Indiana University Press.

Mansfield, B. (2012). Race and the new epigenetic biopolitics of environmental health. BioSocieties, 7, 352 372. https://doi.org/10.157/biosoc.2012.22

Mansfield, B. y Guthman, J. (2015). Epigenetic life: Biological plasticity, abnormality, and new configurations of race and reproduction. Cultural Geographies, 22(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474014555659

Martinhago, F., Lavagnino, N. J., Folguera, G. y Caponi, S. (2019). Factores de riesgo y bases genéticas: el caso del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Salud Colectiva, 15, e1952. https://doi.org/10.18294/sc.2019.1952

Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press.

Meloni, M. y Testa, G. (2014). Scrutinizing the epigenetics revolution. BioSocieties, 9, 431-456. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2014.22

Meloni, M. (2015). Epigenetics for the social sciences: Justice, embodiment, and inheritance in the postgenomic age. New Genetics and Society, 34(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2015.1034850

Meloni, M. (2018). A postgenomic body: Histories, genealogy, politics. Body & Society, 24(3), 3-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X18785445

Meloni, M., Moll, T., Issaka, A. y Kuzawa, C. W. (2022). A biosocial return to race? A cautionary view for the postgenomic era. American Journal of Human Biology, 34(7), e23742. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23742

Moore, D. S. (2015). The developing genome: An introduction to behavioral epigenetics. Oxford University Press.

Mulligan, C., D’Errico, N., Stees, J. y Hughes, D. (2012). Methylation changes at NR3C1 in newborns associate with maternal prenatal stress exposure and newborn birth weight. Epigenetics, 7(8), 853-857. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.21180

Niewöhner, J. (2011). Epigenetics: Embedded bodies and the molecularisation of biography and milieu. BioSocieties, 6, 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2011.4

Odum, E. P. y Barret, G. W. (2004). Fundamentals of Ecology. Cengage Learning.

Pallitto, N. y Folguera, G. (2018). Ni cabalmente clásico, ni completamente molecular: Un análisis del concepto de gen en la genética del comportamiento. Scientiae Studia, 15(2), 439-457.

Pallitto, N., Massarini, A. y Folguera, G. (2015). Sonidos, ruidos y silencios: Entre la crisis y la permanencia del determinismo genético en la biología contemporánea. Ludus Vitalis, XXII/43/2015, 39-55.

Pentecost, M. y T. Cousins. (2017). Strata of the political: Epigenetic and microbial imaginaries in postapartheid Cape Town. Antipode, 49(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12315

Perroud, N., Rutembesa, E., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Mutabaruka, J., Mutesa, L., Stenz, L., Malafosse, A. y Karege, F. (2014). The Tutsi genocide and transgenerational transmission of maternal stress: Epigenetics and biology of the HPA axis. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(4), 334-345. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2013.866693

Resnik, D. B. y Vorhaus, D. B. (2006). Genetic modification and genetic determinism. Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine, 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-1-9

Riggs, A. D., Martienssen, R. A. y Russo, V. E. A. (1996). Introduction in epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.04.002

Rabinow, P. y Rose, N. (2006). Biopower today. Biosocieties, 1, 195-217. https://doi:10.1017/S1745855206040014

Rose, H. y Rose, S. (2019). Genes, células y cerebros. La verdadera cara de la genética, la biomedicina y las neurociencias. Ediciones IPS.

Rose, N. (2012). Políticas de la vida: biomedicina, poder y subjetividad en el siglo XXI. UNIPE Editorial Universitaria.

Saldaña-Tejeda, A. y Wade, P. (2019). Eugenics, epigenetics, and obesity predisposition among mexican mestizos. Medical Anthropology, 38(8), 664-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2019.1589466

Sarkar, S. (1992). Models of reduction and categories of reductionism. Synthese, 91, 167-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413566

Sarkar, S. (1998). Genetics and reductionism. Cambridge University Press.

Schaeffer, J. M. (2009). El fin de la excepción humana. Marbot Ediciones.

Serpeloni, F., Radtke, K., de Assis, S. G., Henning, F., Nätt, D. y Elbert, T. (2017). Grandmaternal stress during pregnancy and DNA methylation of the third generation: An epigenome-wide association study. Translational Psychiatry, 7, e1202. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.153

Shirira, A., Ayalon, L., Bensimon, M., Bodner, E., Rosenbloom, T. y Yadid, G. (2017). Parental post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms are related to successful aging in offspring of holocaust survivors. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1099. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01099

Sibilia, P. (2005). El hombre postorgánico. Cuerpo, subjetividad y tecnologías digitales. (3ª ed.). Fondo de cultura económica.

Simpson, G. G. (1953). The major features of evolution. Columbia University Press.

Stotz, K. (2006). Molecular epigenesis: Distributed specificity as a break in the central dogma. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 28(4), 533-548.

Stotz, K. y Griffiths, P. (2016). Epigenetics: Ambiguities and implications. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 38, 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-016-0121-2

Villuendas, M. (2023). Una articulación filosófica de la epidemiología epigenética. Tópicos, Revista de Filosofía, 67, 411-452. http://doi.org/10.21555/top.v670.2411

Waddington, C. H. (1942). The epigenotype. Endeavour, International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(1), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr184

Waggoner, M. R. y Uller, T. (2015). Epigenetic determinism in science and society. New Genetics and Society, 34(2), 177-195.2 https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2015.1033052

Warin, M., Kowal, E. y Meloni, M. (2019). Indigenous knowledge in a postgenomic landscape: The politics of epigenetic hope and reparation in Australia. Science, Technology, & Human Values. 45(1), 87-111. https://doi:10.1177/0162243919831077

Wessel, A. (2009). What is epigenesis? or Gene’s place in development. human_ontogenetics, 3(2), 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/huon.200900008

Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Klengel, T., Holsboer, F. y Binder, E. B. (2016). Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation. Biological Psychiatry, 80(5), 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005

Youssef, N.A., Lockwood, L., Su, S., Hao, G. y Rutten, B.P.F. (2018). The effects of trauma, with or without PTSD, on the transgenerational DNA methylation alterations in human offsprings. Brain Sciences, 8(5), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8050083

Yudell, M. (2011). A short history of the race concept. En S. Krimsky y K. Sloan (Eds.), Race and the genetic revolution: Science, myth, and culture (pp. 13-30). Columbia University Press.

Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R. y Tishkoff, S. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics. Science, 351(6273), 564-565. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4951