El bruxismo como causa de desgaste dental
Una actividad fisiológica demandante en el sistema estomatognático del humano moderno
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e083Palabras clave:
manejo del estrés, masticación, abrasión dental, guía oclusalResumen
La masticación es considerada la función principal del sistema estomatognático y de los dientes. Estudios realizados en los años 70 y 80, revelaron que practicamente no hay contacto dentario durante la masticación, excepto durante la fase de máxima intercuspidación. Aunque la masticación se basa en un patrón muscular automatizado, es todavía una actividad consciente. El desgaste dental es mayoritariamente atribuido a la abrasión causada por los componentes más duros de la comida o por contaminación de ésta con materiales abrasivos como sílice o carbonatos. En cambio, el bruxismo del sueño es un movimiento excursivo, inconsciente, de los dientes inferiores, que utiliza toda la longitud de las guías oclusales con mayor fuerza muscular y sin la interposición del bolo alimenticio. Por esa razón, puede resultar en contactos dentales de mayor extensión, con el resultado de pérdida de material. Al considerar los humanos modernos que utilizan una dieta blanda y refinada, que generalmente no contribuye para el desgaste dentario, la posibilidad de que el bruxismo sea el mayor contribuyente para la pérdida de material dentario no puede ser descartada. Así, los patrones de desgaste dentario en sujetos modernos y en poblaciones antiguas deberían ser considerados con base en la experiencia clínica del análisis de las actividades de bruxismo y masticación en sujetos vivos. En este artículo se presenta la experiencia clínica en pacientes con bruxismo y con desgaste dental en sociedades industrializadas contemporáneas como una posible fuente de información que se debe integrar al análisis del desgaste encontrado en hallazgos arqueológicos.
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