Síntesis de heterociclos mediante reacciones multicomponente, empleando heteropolicompuestos como catalizadores
Palabras clave:
Química Verde, Heteropolicompuestos, Síntesis Orgánica, Reacciones multicomponente, HeterociclosResumen
La química fina tradicionalmente ha empleado “tecnologías estequiométricas”, las cuales involucran la generación de cantidades enormes de residuos inorgánicos. Dada la necesidad de minimizar el uso de tecnologías contaminantes, hoy en día se hace uso de una serie de estrategias que intentan reducir el impacto ambiental. Una de las propuestas incluye la utilización de las llamadas “reacciones multicomponente” (MCRs), las cuales son reacciones convergentes en las que tres o más materiales de partida reaccionan para formar un producto, donde básicamente todos o la mayoría de los átomos contribuyen al nuevo producto formado.
Por otra parte, también se ha logrado minimizar la generación de residuos al incluir el uso de materiales catalíticos reciclables y reutilizables, capaces de sustituir los ácidos minerales empleados comúnmente en cantidades estequiométricas. En este sentido, los heteropolicompuestos resultan ser catalizadores atractivos, ya que cumplen con las condiciones anteriores, y que una misma estructura posee multifuncionalidad intrínseca: son ácidos fuertes y pueden tener alta capacidad oxidante. Es posible realizar el diseño del catalizador a escala atómica/molecular, basándose en las propiedades acídicas y redox buscadas, por medio de una selección adecuada de los constituyentes.
En este trabajo se presentan diversos avances recientes que involucran el uso de reacciones multicomponente en la síntesis de compuestos orgánicos, empleando catálisis por heteropolicompuestos. Los heterociclos preparados corresponden a las familias de 1,4-dihidropiridinas, dihidropirimidinonas, imidazoles, quinazolinonas, xantenonas y piridinas.
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