Interés de los péptidos natriuréticos en cardiología veterinaria
Palabras clave:
Péptidos Natriureticos en cardiología caninosResumen
Los péptidos natriuréticos son una familia de hormonas que juegan un papel primario en la regulación de la homeostasis cardiovascular y renal. Tres han sido identificados, el péptido natriurético atrial (ANP), péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP) y péptido natriurético tipo C (CNP). ANP y BNP se sintetizan en el tejido cardíaco atrial y ventricular, respectivamente. En humanos, su concentración se relaciona con enfermedades cardíacas, renales, hipertensión, edad y sexo. Del mismo modo, en caninos y felinos, sus niveles se asocian con distintas patologías cardíacas, renales, hipertensión, obesidad. Actualmente, en animales de compañía, se consideran una herramienta complementaria en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de las cardiopatías. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo llevar a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sobre los péptidos natriuréticos con la finalidad de poner en discusión sus perspectivas y aplicaciones en el campo de la cardiología veterinaria.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
Wilkins MR, Redondo J, Brown LA. The natriureticpeptide family. Lancet. 1997;349:1307-1310.
Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:312-328.
Turk JR. Physiologic and patjophysiologic effects of natriuretic peptides and their implications in cardiopulmonary disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;216:1970-1976.
Sisson DD. Neuroendocrine evaluation of cardiac disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2004;34:1105-1026.
Boerrigter G, Costello-Boerrigter LC, Harty GJ, et al. Des-serine-proline brain natriuretic peptide 3-32 in cardiorenal regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292:R897-R901.
Boerrigter G, Burnett JC Jr. Recent advances in natriuretic peptides in congestive heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;13:643-652.
Tamura N, Ogawa Y, Chusho H, et al. Cardiac fibrosis in mice lacking brain natriuretic peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:4239-4244.
De Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg A. A rapid and potent natriurético response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci. 1981;28:89-94.
Oikawa S, Imai M, Ueno A, et al. Cloning and sequence analysis of polypeptide. Nature. 1984;309:724-726.
Saito Y, Nakao K, Itoh H, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide is a novel cardiac hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;158:360-368.
Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): a new member of natriuretic peptide familiy identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;168:863-870.
De Bold AJ. Tissue fractionation studies on the relationship between an atrial natriuretic factor and specific atrial granules. Can J Physiol Pharm. 1982;60:324-330.
Canaff L, Brechler V, Reudelhuber TL, et al. Secretory granule targeting of atrial natriuretic peptide correlates with its calcium-mediated aggregation. Proc Nat Acad Scie Unit Sta Am. 1996;93:9483-9487.
Sudoh T, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Matsuo H. A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain. Nature 1988;332:78-81.
Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Hosoda K, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a novel cardiac hormone in humans: evidence for an exquisite dual natriuretic peptide system, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. J Clin Invest. 991;87:1402-1412.
Magga J, Vuolteenabo O, Tokola H, et al. Involvement of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in cardiac overload-induced increase of type natriuretic peptide gene expression. Circ Res. 997;81:694-702.
Asano K, Murakami M, Endo D, et al. Complementary DNA cloting, tissue distribution, and synthesis of canine brain natriuretic peptide. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:860-864.
Clavell A, Stingo A, Wei CM, et al. C-type natriuretic peptide: a selective cardiovascular peptide. Am J Physiol Reg Integrative Comp Physiol. 1993;264:R290- R295.
Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, et al. Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1994;90:195-203.
Schellenberger U, O´Rear J, Guzzetta A, et al. The precursor to B-type natriuretic peptide is an O-linked glycoprotein. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006;451:160-166.
Giuliani I, Rieunier F, Larue C, et al. Assay for measurement of intact B-type natriuretic peptide prohormona in blood. Clin Chem. 2006;52:1054-1061.
Liang F, O´Rear J, Schellenberger U, et al. Evidence for functional heterogeneity of circulating B-type natriuretic peptide. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1071-1078.
Yan W, Wu F, Morser J, Wu Q. Corin, a transmembrane cardiac serine protease, acts as pro-atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme. Proc Natl Acadi USA. 2000;97:8525:8529.
Hooper JD, Scarman AL, Clarke BE, et al. Localization of the mosaic transmembrane serine protease corin to heart myocytes. Eur J Biochem. 2000;267;6931-6937.
Seilhamer JJ, Arfsten A, Miller JA, et al. Human and canine gene homologs of porcine brain natriuretic peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;165:650-658.
Goetze JP. Biochemistry of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-derived peptides: the endocrine heart revisited. Clin Chem. 2004;50:1503-1510.
Shimizu H, Masuta K, Aono K, et al. Molecular forms of human brain natriuretic peptide in plasma. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;316:129-135.
Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF, Videbeck R, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor in cardiac venous blood from filing hearts. Eur Heart Fail. 2005; 7:69-74.
Maack T. The broad homeostatic role of natriuretic peptides. Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinología e metabología. 2006;50:198-207.
Hogenhuis J, Voors AA, Jaarsma T, et al. Anemia and renal dysfunction are independently associated with BNP and Nt-proBNP levels in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:787-794.
Brandt I, Lambeir AM, Ketelslegers JM, et al. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV converts intact B-type natriuretic peptide into its des-serine form. Clin Chem. 2006;52:82-87.
Sabrane K, Kruse MN, Fabritz I, et al. Vascular endothelium is critically involved in the hypotensive and hypovolemic actions of atrial natriuretic peptide. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1666-1674.
Cataliotti A, Schirger JA, Martin FL, et al. Oral human brain natriuretic peptide actives cyclic guanosine 3´5´-monophosphate and decreases mean arterial pressure. Circulation. 2005;112:836-840.
Koller K, Goeddel D. Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptide and their receptors. Circulation. 1992;86:1081-1088.
Richards AM. The rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the cardiac natriurético peptides. Heart. 1996;76:36-44.
Holtwick R, Gotthardt M, Skrybin B, et al. Smooth muscle-selective deletion of guanylyl cyclase-A prevents the acute but not chronic effects of ANP on blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:7142-7147.
Maack T, Suzuki M, Almeida FA, et al. Physiological role of silent receptors of atrial natriurético factor. Sci. 1987;238:675-678.
Almeida FA, Suzuki M, Scarborough RM, et al. Clearance function of type C receptors of atrial natriuretic peptide factor in rats. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:469-475.
Kenny AJ, Bourne A, Ingram J. Hydrolysis of human and pig brain natriuretic peptides, urodilatin, Ctype natriuretic peptide and some C-receptor ligands by endopetidase-24-11. Biochem. 1993;291:83-88.
Ozaki J, Shimizu H, Hashimoto Y, et al. En-zymatic inactivation of major circulating forms of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;370:307-312.
Zhou HL, Fiscus RR. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) causes endothelium-independt relaxation and elevation of cyclic GMP in rat thoracic aorta. Neuropeptides. 1989; 14:161-169.
Kuhn M. Structure, regulation, and function of mammalian membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors, with a focus on guanylyl cyclase-A. Circ Res. 2003;93:700-709.
Kuhn M. Molecular physiology of natriuretic peptide signaling. Basic Res Cardiol. 2004;99:76-82.
Koller KJ, Lowe DG, Bennett GI, et al. Selective activation of the B natriuretic peptide receptor by Ctype natriuretic peptide (CNP). Sciencie. 1991;252:120-123.
Takimoto E, Champion HC, Li M, et al. Chronic inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase 5A prevents and reverses cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med. 2005;11:214-222.
Luchner A, Hengstenberg C, Lowel H, et al. Effect of compensated renal dysfunction on approved heart failure markers: direct comparison of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP. Hypertension. 2005;46:118-123.
McDowell G, Patterson C, Maguire S, et al. Variability of Nt-proANP and C-ANP. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32:545-548.
Fontana M, Zyw L, Poletti R, et al. Improved early diagnosis of heart failure with B-type natriuretic peptides: comparison between BNP and Nt-proBNP diagnostic accuracy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;6,14.
Pemberton CJ, Johnson ML, Yandle TG, et al. Deconvolution analysis of cardiac natriuretic peptides during acute volume overload. Hypertension. 2000;36:355-359.
Roncon-Albuquerque R, Vasconcelos M, Lourenco AP, et al. Acute changes of biventricular gene expression in volumen and right ventricular pressure overload. Life Sci. 2006;78:2633-2642.
Luchner A, Muders F, Dietl O, et al. Differential expression of cardiac ANP and BNP in a rabbit model of progressive left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;51:601-607.
Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, et al. Insufficient secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide at acute phase of myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89:458-464.
Luchner A, Stevens TL, Borgeson DD, et al. Differential atrial and ventricular expression of myocardial BNP during evolution of heart failure. Am J Physiol. 1998;247:H1684-H1689.
Moro C, Berlan M. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of natriuretic peptides. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2006;20:41-49.
Moe GW, Grima EA, Wong NL, et al. Plasma and cardiac tissue atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in experimental heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol.1996;27:720-727.
Ma KK, Banas K, de Bolt AJ. Determinants of inducible brain natriuretic peptide promoter activity. Regul Pept. 2005;128:169-176.
Rodeheffer RJ. Measuring plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:740-749.
Berger R, Huelsman M, Strecker K, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2002;105;2392-2397.
Goetze JP, Kastrup J, Rehfeld JF. The paradox of increaser natriuretic hormones in congestive heart failure patients: does the endocrine heart also fail in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1471-1472.
Oyama MA, Fox PR, Rush JE, et al. Clinical utility of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for identifying cardiac disease in dogs and assessing disease severity. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232:1496-1503.
Schellenberg S, Grenacher B, Kaufmann K, et al. Analytical validation of commercial immunoassays for the measurement of cardiovascular peptides in the dogs. Vet J. 2008;178:85-90.
Bucley MG, Marcus NJ, Yacoub MH. Cardiac peptide stability, aprotinin and room temperature: Importance for assessing cardiac function in clinical practice. Cli Sci (London). 1999;97:689-695.
Thomas CJ, Woods RL. Haemodynamic action of B-type natriuretic peptide substantially outlasts its plasma half-life in conscious dogs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003;30:369-372.
Blonde L, Wehmann RE, Steiner AL. Plasma clearance rates and renal clearance of 3H-labeled cyclic AMP and 3H-labeled cyclic GMP in the dog. J Clin Invest. 1974;53:163-172.
Kellihan HB, Oyama MA, Reynols CA, et al. Weekly variability of plasma and serum Nt-proBNP measurements in normal dogs. J Vet Cardiol. 2009;11:593-597.
Boswood A, Dukes-McEwan J, Loureiro J, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of different natriuretic peptide
in the investigation of canine cardiac disease. J Small Anim Pract. 2008;49:26-32.
Liu ZL, Wiedmeyer CE, Sisson DD, Solter PF. Cloning and characterization of feline brain natriuretic peptide. Gene. 2002;292:183-190.
Oikawa S, Imai M, Inuzuka C, et al. Structure of dog and rabbit precursors of atrial natriuretic polypeptides deduced from nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985;132:892-899.
Biondo AW, Liu ZL, Wiedmeyer CE, et al. Genomic sequence and cardiac expression of atrial natriureticpeptide in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:236-240.
Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, et al. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1978-1984.
Swedberg K, Cleland J, Dargie H, et al. Guidelinesfor the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure:executive summary (update 2005): the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1115-1140.
Takase H, Toriyama T, Sugiura, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide detects cardiac abnormalities in mass screening. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007;37:257-262.
Issac Dl. Biomarkers in heart failure management. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008;23:127-133.
Silver MA, Maisel A, Yancy CW, et al. Consensus Panel 2004: a clinical approach for the diagnostic, prognostic, screening, treatment monitoring, and therapeutic roles of natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular disease. Congest Heart Fail. 2004;10(3):1-30.
Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Dobson A, et al. How well does B-type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Systematic Review. BMJ. 2005;330:625-633.
Jourdain P, Jondeau G, Funck F, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guide therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: the STARS BNP Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1733-1739.
Mueller C, Breidthardr T, Laule-Kilian K, et al. The integration of BNP and Nt-proBNP into clinical medicine. Swiss Med Whly. 2007;134:4-12.
Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2148-2159.
Hinderliter AL, Blumenthal JA, O´Conner C, et al. Independent prognostic value of echocardiography and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2008;156:1191-1195.
Vollmar AM, Reusch C, Kraft W, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs with congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, and hyperadrenocorticism. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:1831-1834.
Greco DS, Biller B, Van Liew CH, et al. Measurement of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide as an indicator of prognosis in dogs with cardiac disease. Can Vet J. 2003;44:293-297.
MacDonald KA, Kittleson MD, Munro C, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs with heart disease and congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:172-177.
Oyama MA, Sisson DD, Solter PF. Prospective screening for occult canine dilated cardiomyopathy using B-type and atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin-I assay. J Vet Intern Med. 2005;19:195-196.
Haggstrom J, Hansson K, Karlberg BE, et al. Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:698-703.
Haggstrom J, Hansson K, Kvart C, et al. Effects of naturally acquired decompensated mitral valve regurgitation on the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and atrail natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:77-82.
Haggstrom J, Hansson K, Kvart C, et al. Relationship between different natriuretic peptide and severity of naturally acquired mitral regurgitation in dogs with chronic myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol. 2000;2:7-16.
Prosek R, Sisson DD, Oyama MA, et al. Distinguishing cardiac and non-cardiac dyspnea in 48 dogsvia plasma atrial natriuretitc factor, B-type natriuretic factor, endotelina, and cardiac troponin-I. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:238-242.
Fine DM, Declue AE, Reinero CR. Evaluation of circulating amino terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs with respiratory distress attributable to congestive heart failure or primary pulmonary disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232:1674-1679.
Takemura N, Toda N, Miyagawa Y, et al. Evaluation of Plasma N-Terminal Pro-Brain natriuretic Peptide (Nt-proBNP) Concentrations in Dogs with Mitral Valve Insufficiency. J Vet Med Sci. 2009;71(7):925-929.
Tarnow I, Olsen LH, Kvart C, et al. Predictive value of natriuretic peptides in dogs with mitral valvule disease. Vet J. 2009;180:195-201.
Forfia PR, Lee M, Tunin RS, et al. Acute phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition mimics hemodynamic effects of B-type natriuretic peptide and potentiates B-tipe natriuretic peptide effects in failing but not normal canine heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1079-1088).
Potter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptide, their receptors and cGMP-dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev. 2006;27:47-72.
Baumwart RD, Meurs KM. Assessment of plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:2086-2089.
O´Sullivan ML, O´Grady MR, Minors SL. Plasma big endothelin-1, atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, and norepinephrine concentrations in normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:92-99.
Oyama MA, Sisson DD, Solter PF. Prospective screening for occult cardiomyopathy in dogs by measurement of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68:42-47.
Chetboul V, Tessier-Vetzel D, Escriou C, et al. Diagnostic potential of natriuretic peptides in the occult phase of Golden retriever muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:845-850.
Hori Y, Tsubaki M, Katou A, et al. Evaluation of Nt-proBNP and CT-ANP as Markers of concentric hypertrophy in dogs with a model of compensated aortic stenosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:1118-1123.
Iwanaga Y, Nishi I, Furuichi S, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide strongly reflects diastolic wall stress in patients with chronic heart failure: comparison between systolic and diastolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:742-748.
Leya FS, Arab D, Joyal D, et al. The efficacy of brain natriuretic peptide levels in differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll100. Connlolly DJ, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Luis Fuentes V, et al. Circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations in cats with respiratory distress [abstract]. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:719-720.
Connolly DJ, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Syme HM, et al. Circulating Natriuretic Peptides in Cats with Heart Disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:96-105.
Biondo AW, Ehrhart EJ, Sisson DD, et al. Immunohistochemitry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophy cardiomyopathy. Vet Pathol. 2003;40:501-506.
McGrath MF, de Bold ML, de Bold AJ. The endocrine function of the heart. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2005;16:469-477.
Sisson DD, Oyama MA, Solter PF. Plasma levels of ANP, BNP, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serum aldosterone, and plasma rennin activity in healthy cats and cats with myocardial disease. J Vet intern Med. 2003;17:483-486.
Poutanen T, Tikanoja T, Jaaskelainen P, et al. Diastolic dysfunction without left ventricular hypertrophy is an early finding in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain, alpha-tropomyosin, and myosin binding protein C genes. Am Heart J. 2006;151:725-729.
Fox PR, Oyama MA, MacDonald K, et al. Comparison of Nt-proBNP concentration in cats with acute dyspnea from cardiac or respiratory disease [abstract]. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:719.
Fox PR, Oyama MA, Reynolds C, et al. Utility of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) to distinguish between congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of acute dyspnea in cats. J Vet Cardiol. 2009;11:S51-S61.
Nishida Y, Morita H, Minamino N, et al. Effects of brain natriuretic peptide on hemodynamic and renal function in dogs. Japan J Physiol. 1990;40:531-540.
Lalor SM, Connolly DJ, Elliott J, et al. Plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides in normal cats and normotensive and hypertensive cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Cardiol. 2009;11:71-79.
Mueller C, Laule-Kilian K, Scholer A, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide for acute dyspnea in patients with kidney disease: Insights from a randomized comparison. Kidney Int. 2005;67:278-284.
Mark PB, Stewart GA, Gansevoort RT, et al. Diagnostic potential of circulating natriuretic peptides in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:402-410.
Anwaruddin S, Lloyd-Jones DM, Baggish A, et al. Renal function, congestive heart failure, and aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement. Results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(1):91-97.
De Filippi C, Can Kimmenade RR, Pinto YM. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing in renal disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(Suppl.):82A114. Sudoh M, Gustafsson F, Kistorp CN, et al. Effects of body mass index and age on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide are associated with glomerular filtration rate in chronic heart failure patients. Clin Chem. 2007;53:1928-1935.
Eriksson AS, Jarvinen AK, Eklund KK, et al. Effect of age and body weigth on neurohumoral variables in healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:1818-1824.
Redfield MM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact
of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:976-982.
Raymond I, Groenning BA, Hildebrandt, et al. The influence of age, sex and other variables on the plasma level of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in a large sample of the general population. Heart. 2003;89:745-751.
Koch AM, Rauh M, Zinc S, et al. Decreasing ratio of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide according to age. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:805-809.
Bayes-Genis A, De Filippi C, Januzzi Jr JL. Understanding amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretci peptide in obesity. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:89-94.
Mlezid´Eril G, Tagnochetti T, Nauti A, et al. Biological variation of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in healthy individuals. Clin Chem. 2003;49:1554-1555.
O´Hanlon R, O´Shea P, Ledwidge M, et al. The biologic variability of B-type natriuretic peptide and Nterminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in stable heart failure patients. J Cardiol Fall. 2007;13:50-55.
Colucci WS, Elkayam U, Horton DP, et al. Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of descompensated congestive heart failuire. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:246-253.
Chen HH, Grantham JA, Chirger JA, et al. Subcutaneous administration of brain natriuretic peptide in experimental heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1706-1712.
Chen HH, Huntley BK, Schirger JA, et al. Maximizing the renal cyclic 3´5´-guanosine monophosphate system with type V phosphodiesterase inhibition and exogenous natriuretic peptide: A novel strategy to improve renal function in experimental overt heart failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(10):2742-2747.
Lainchbury JG, Burnnett JC Jr, Meyer D, et al. f fects of natriuretic peptides on load and myocardial function in normal and heart failure dogs. Am J Physiol eart Circ Physiol. 2000;278:H33-40.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
Analecta Veterinaria por Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.