El proyecto de austeridad en el Sur global

Examinar las dinámicas y mecanismos político-económicos cruciales

Autores/as

  • Bhumika Muchhala Third World Network, Estados Unidos
  • Maria Syed Third World Network, Estados Unidos

Palabras clave:

austeridad, FMI, Sur-Norte, dependencia financiera, derecho al desarrollo, agencias de calificación crediticia

Resumen

Las polifacéticas dimensiones políticas y económicas de las medidas de austeridad han sido aplicado implementadas desde hace mucho tiempo, como pone de manifiesto la bibliografía del periodo de entreguerras. Las instituciones financieras internacionales, como el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), se crearon originalmente para promover la cooperación monetaria internacional y la estabilidad fiscal, ocupándose de los problemas de balanza de pagos de los países, pero no a costa de la prosperidad nacional e internacional. El Convenio Constitutivo y la vigilancia del FMI han desempeñado un papel fundamental en la arquitectura financiera mundial desde 1944. La historia ideológica de la austeridad puede verse a través de esta estructura de gobernanza mundial que la vincula a la agenda neoliberal más amplia que prioriza la disciplina fiscal y la estabilidad del mercado sobre el bienestar social y los derechos humanos. Así, el poder estructural de las finanzas, especialmente a través de la influencia del FMI, ha afianzado la austeridad como respuesta dominante a las crisis de deuda soberana, a menudo a expensas de servicios públicos esenciales como la salud, la educación y la protección social. La dependencia financiera ha estado en el epicentro del sistema monetario mundial que ejerce un control hegemónico sobre la moneda de reserva internacional. Alude a cómo las medidas de austeridad han exacerbado las desigualdades estructurales existentes a través de las políticas monetarias, fiscales e industriales creadas por los tecnócratas, al tiempo que despojaban a las masas de sus recursos en beneficio de los sectores concentrados. Al examinar la interacción entre austeridad, dependencia financiera y el papel de las instituciones financieras internacionales, se hace un llamamiento urgente para que se reevalúen las políticas económicas que históricamente han favorecido los intereses de los acreedores por encima de las necesidades de las poblaciones vulnerables. Los mecanismos político-financieros, como las calificaciones soberanas emitidas por las agencias de calificación crediticia (ACC), disciplinan a las naciones en desarrollo fomentando la restricción fiscal. Estas calificaciones influyen en el acceso de un país al crédito y determinan las condiciones de los préstamos, como los tipos de interés y las primas de riesgo. Estos mecanismos catalizan la necesidad de enfoques transformadores que se alineen con los principios del derecho al desarrollo, destacando específicamente la lente feminista, promuevan un desarrollo inclusivo que aborde las causas profundas de la desigualdad y fomenten la resiliencia frente a los desafíos económicos. El artículo contribuye al discurso en curso sobre las implicaciones de la austeridad y la urgente necesidad de políticas que apoyen el crecimiento equitativo en el Sur global.

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Biografía del autor/a

Bhumika Muchhala, Third World Network, Estados Unidos

Investigadora y analista política, Red del Tercer Mundo (Third World Network)

Maria Syed, Third World Network, Estados Unidos

Consultora económica, Red del Tercer Mundo (Third World Network).

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Publicado

2024-12-06

Cómo citar

Muchhala, B., & Syed, M. (2024). El proyecto de austeridad en el Sur global: Examinar las dinámicas y mecanismos político-económicos cruciales. Derecho Y Ciencias Sociales, 98–142. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/dcs/article/view/18530