Microsatélites, distancias genéticas y estructura de poblaciones nativas sudamericanas
Resumen
RESUMEN En este trabajo se investigaron las relaciones genéticas entre 17 poblaciones nativas sudamericanas en relación a 15 microsatélites (STRs) autosómicos, utilizando 3 distancias genéticas – DST, DA y (δu)2 – que se ajustan a diferentes postulados teóricos. A través de diferentes técnicas de análisis (escalamiento multidimensional, correlación y correlación parcial de matrices) se puso a prueba si las distancias genéticas refl ejaban las relaciones interpoblacionales esperadas a partir de la distribución geográfica o de relaciones lingüísticas entre las poblaciones. Además, se estimó en que grado las distintas medidas de distancias genéticas eran influenciadas por la diversidad (He) de cada población. Los mapas genéticos muestran, principalmente para DST y DA, que las poblaciones aisladas y con bajo tamaño efectivo (Ne) aparecen como outliers, mientras que las poblaciones con alto Ne y mayor flujo génico ocupan una posición central a bajos valores de distancia unas de otras y sin un patrón definido de agrupamiento. La falta de asociación entre distancias genéticas y lingüísticas o geográficas y por otra parte, la alta correlación negativa entre He y distancias génicas promedio por población confirman ese patrón, demostrando que la mayor parte de la variación interpoblacional puede ser explicada en función del grado de diversidad intrapoblacional. Es decir, las distancias genéticas no reflejan relaciones filogenéticas, lingüísticas o geográficas, sino más bien eventos demográficos recientes tales como cuellos de botella genético, efecto fundador o migración externa masiva. Este hecho puede ser comprobado por medio de otra metodología analítica, el modelo de Harpending y Ward.
ABSTRACT In this study the genetic relationships among 17 South American native populations are investigated using 15 autosomal STRs, and 3 genetic distances – DST, DA, and (δu)2 – that conform to different theoretical models. Several analytical techniques (multidimensional scaling, correlation and partial correlation matrices analyses) were employed to test whether or not genetic distances reflect the intergroup affinities expected from geographical or linguistic relationships. Additionally, it was investigated to what extent the different measures of genetic distances were influenced by the diversity (He) of each population. The genetic maps show (principally for the case of DST and DA) that isolated populations with low effective size (Ne) appear as outliers, whereas populations with high gene flow and greater Ne occupy a central position on the plot, at low values of distance from each other and without a clear pattern of clustering. The lack of association between genetic distances and linguistic or geographical distances, and the high negative correlations between genetic distances and He confirm this pattern, showing that most of the observed variation can be explained by the levels of within group diversity. It can be concluded that the genetic distances do not reflect phylogenetic, geographical, or linguistic relationships, but only recent demographic events such as genetic bottleneck, founder effect or massive migrations. This fact can be verified using other analytical tools, such as, the method of Warpending and Ward.
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