Estimación de la edad fetal en huesos secos: investigando la aplicabilidad de ecuaciones desarrolladas en una muestra radiográfica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e008Resumen
La escasez de colecciones osteológicas que incluyen fetos identificados implica la busca de recursos no convencionales para investigar la variación anatómica fetal. En un trabajo anterior, desarrollamos ecuaciones para estimar la edad gestacional (AG) en el momento de la muerte mediante la medición de huesos largos fetales en radiografías. Este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar la aplicabilidad de estas ecuaciones en huesos secos y evaluar su precisión y bies.
Se empleó una muestra de prueba de 17 fetos con edad gestacional conocida en el momento de la muerte de la colección osteológica del Departamento de Medicina Legal, Toxicología y Antropología Física de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Granada (España). Los huesos examinados fueron el fémur, la tibia, el húmero y el radio.
Los modelos propuestos revelan una precisión elevada y un bies bajo en la evaluación de la AG en el momento de la muerte en una muestra de huesos fetales. Las nuevas ecuaciones, especialmente las obtenidas con la calibración clásica, son una herramienta valiosa para estimar la edad gestacional fetal en el momento de la muerte, tanto en contextos forenses como arqueológicos.
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Adalian, P., Piercecchi-Marti, M-D., Bourliere-Najean, B., Panuel, M., Fredouille, C., Dutour, O., & Leonetti, G. (2001). Postmortem assessment of foetal diaphyseal femoral length: Validation of a radiographic methodology. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(2), 215–219.
Alemán, I., Irurita, J., Valencia, A.R., Martínez, A., López-Lázaro, S., Viciano, J., & Botella, M.C. (2012). Brief Communication: The Granada Osteological Collection of Identified Infants and Young Children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149, 606–610.
Aykroyd, R. G., Lucy, D., Pollard, A. M., & Solheim, T. (1997). Technical note: regression analysis in adult age estimation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 104(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199710)104:2<259::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-Z
Besalù, E. (2013). The connection between inverse and classical calibration. Talanta, 116, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.054
Bonsall, L. (2013). Infanticide in Roman Britain: a critical review of the osteological evidence. Childhood in the Past, 6, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1179/1758571613Z.0000000007
Butt, K., & Lim, K. (2014). Determination of gestational age by ultrasound. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 36, 171-183.
Calce, S.E., & Rogers, T.L. (2011). Evaluation of age estimation technique: testing traits of the acetabulum to estimate age at death in adult males. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, 302–311.
Calderini, G. (1875). Le dimensioni del feto negli ultimi tre mesi della gravidanza. Turin: Loescher.
Carneiro, C., Curate, F., Borralho, P., & Cunha, E. (2013). Radiographic fetal osteometry: Approach on age estimation for the Portuguese population. Forensic Science International, 231, 139e1 – 139e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.039
Carneiro, C., Curate, F., & Cunha, E. (2016). A method for estimating gestational age of fetal remains based on long bone lengths. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 130(5), 1333-1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-016-1393-5
Chamberlain, A.T. (2006). Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chávez-Martínez P, Ortega-Palma A, Castrejo L, Cha P, Arteaga-martın M (2016) Equations to estimate foetal age at the moment of death in the Mexican population. Forensic Sci Int 266:587.e1-587.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.011
Cho, H. J., Won, H. S., Ju, D. H., Roh, H. J., Lee, P. R., & Kim, A. (2010). Evaluation of the usefulness of the fetal femur length with respect to gestational age to detect Down syndrome in Korean subjects. Prenatal Diagnosis, 30(May), 734–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd
Corrado, G. (1899). Rapporti metrici tra le varie parti del corpo foetale ed altre considerazioni in ordine all'identità: studio medico-legale ed antropologico. Napoli: Stab. tipo-stereotipo F di Gennaro & A Morano.
Crawford, S., & Lewis, C. (2008). Childhood studies and the society for the study of childhood in the past. Childhood in the Past, 1, 5-16.
Cunha, E., Baccino, E., Martrille, L., Ramsthaler, F., Prieto, J., Schuliar, Y., Lynnerup N, & Cattaneo, C. (2009). The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: A review. Forensic Science International, 193(1–3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.09.008
Curate, F., Robles, F., Rosa, S., Matos, S., Tavares, A., & António, T. (2015). Mortalidade Infantil na Ermida do Espírito Santo (Almada): entre o afecto e a marginalização. Al-Madan, 19, 68–76.
Dirkmaat, D., & Cabo, L.L. (2012). Forensic Anthropology: embracing the new paradigm. In Dirkmaat, D. (Ed.), A Companion to Forensic Anthropology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118255377.ch1
Fazekas, I.G., & Kósa, F. (1978). Forensic Foetal Osteology. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Franklin, D. (2010). Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: Current concepts and future directions. Legal Medicine, 12, 1–7.
Gardosi, J. (1997). Dating of pregnancy: time to forget the last menstrual period. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9, 367–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1997.09060367.x
Gilbert-Barness, E., & Debich-Spicer, D.E. (2004). Embryo and Foetal Pathology – Color Atlas with Ultrasound Correlation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gowland, R. L., & Chamberlain, A. T. (2002). A Bayesian Approach to Ageing Perinatal Skeletal Material from Archaeological Sites : Implications for the Evidence for Infanticide in Roman-Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29, 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0776
Halcrow, S. & Tayles, N. (2011). The bioarchaeological investigation of children and childhood. In Agarwal, S., & Glencross, B. (Eds.). Social bioarchaeology (pp. 333-360). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9781444390537.ch12
Halcrow, S.E., Tayles, N., Inglis, R., & Higham, C. (2012). Newborn twins from Prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia: birth, death and personhood. Antiquity, 86, 838-852.
Hillson, S. (2009). The world’s largest infant cemetery and its potential for studying growth and development. Hesperia Supplement, 43, 137-154.
Huxley, A. (1998). Analysis of shrinkage in human foetal diaphyseal lengths from fresh to dry bone using Petersohn and Kohler’s data. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43, 423–426.
Huxley, A. (2005). Gestational age discrepancies due to acquisition artifact in the forensic foetal osteology collection at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA. American Journal of Forensic and Medical Pathology, 26(3), 216–220.
Huxley, A., & Kósa, F. (1999). Calculation of percentage shrinkage in human foetal diphyseal lengths from fresh bone to carbonized and calcined bone using Petersohn and Kohler’s data. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 577–583.
Jeanty, P., Kirkpatrick, C., Dramaix-Wilmet, M., & Struyven, J. (1981). Ultrasonic evaluation of foetal limb growth. Radiology, 140, 165-168.
Kinare, A.S., Chinchwadkar, M.C., Natekar, A.S., Coyaji, K.J., Wills, A.K., Joglekar, C.V., Yajnik, C.S., & Fall, C.H. (2010). Patterns of foetal growth in a rural Indian cohort and comparison with a Western European population: data from the Pune maternal nutrition study. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 29(2), 215-223.
Kósa, F. (2000). Application and role of anthropological research in the practice of forensic medicine. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 44 (1-4), 179-188.
Lewis, M.E. (2007). The bioarchaeology of children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, M. E., & Gowland, R. (2007). Brief and precarious lives: infant mortality in contrasting sites from Medieval and Post-Medieval England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa
Lieverse, A.R., Bazaliiskii, V.I., & Weber, A.W. (2015). Death by twins: a remarkable case of dystocic childbirth in Early Neolithic Siberia. Antiquity, 89 (343), 23-38
Liversidge, H.M., Smith, B.H., & Maber, M. (2010). Bias and accuracy of age estimation using developing teeth in 946 children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143 (4), 545-554. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21349
Lillehammer, G. (1989). A child is born. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 22, 89–105.
Lillehammer, G. (2015). 25 Years with the ‘Child’ and the Archaeology of Childhood, Childhood in the Past, 8 (2), 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1179/1758571615Z.00000000030
Mays, S., & Eyers, J. (2011). Perinatal infant death at the Roman villa site at Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, England. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(8), 1931–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.002
Meinl, A., Huber, C. D., Tangl, S., Gruber, G. M., Teschler-Nicola, M., & Watzek, G. (2008). Comparison of the validity of three dental methods for the estimation of age at death. Forensic Science International, 178(2–3), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.02.008
Moore, A. (2009). Hearth and home: the burial of infants within Romano-British domestic contexts. Childhood in the Past, 2, 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1179/cip.2009.2.1.33
Nava, A., Coppa, A., Coppola, D., Mancini, L., Dreossi, D., Zanini, F., Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., & Bondioli, L. (2017). Virtual histological assessment of the prenatal life history and age at death of the Upper Paleolithic fetus from Ostuni (Italy). Scientific Reports, 7, 9427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09773-2
Olivier, G. (1977). The secular change in birth height (from 1910 to 1972 in Paris). Journal of Human Evolution, 6 (3), 293-296.
Olivier, G., & Pinneau, H. (1960). Nouvelle détermination de la taille fœtale d’après les longueurs diaphysaires des os longs. Annales de Medecine Legal, 40, 141-144.
Olsen, Ø.E., Lie, R.T., Maartmann-Moe, H., Pirhonen, J., Lachman, R.S., & Rosendahl, K. (2002). Skeletal measurements among infants who die during the perinatal period: new population-based reference. Pediatric Radiology, 32, 667–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-001-0627-x
Ortiz, G., Paz, F., Zenteno, B., Zuñiga, S., & Nieva, L. (2018). Estudio de sub-adultos de la cuenca del río San Francisco, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina (0-500 DC). Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica, 20, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.17139/raab.2018.0020.02.01
Owsley, D.W., & Bradtmiller, B. (1983). Mortality of pregnant females in Arikara villages: osteological evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74, 331-336.
Piercecchi-Marti, M-D., Adalian, P., Bourliere-Najean, B., Gouvernet, J., Maczel, M., Dutour, O., & Leonetti, G. (2002). Validation of a radiographic method to establish new foetal growth standards: radio-anatomical correlation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47, 328–331.
Saunders, S.R., Fitzgerald, C., Rogers, T., Dudar, C., & McKillop, H. (1992). A test of several methods of skeletal age estimation using a documented archaeological sample. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 2, 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.1992.10757005
Scammon, R.E., & Calkins, L.A. (1923). Simple empirical formulae for expressing the linear growth of the human fetus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, XX, 353-356.
Scammon, R.E., Calkins, L.A. (1929). The development and growth of the external dimension of the human fetus. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
Schack-Nielsen, L., Mølgaard, C., Sørensen, T.I., Greisen, G., & Michaelsen, K.F. (2006). Secular change in size at birth from 1973 to 2003: national data from Denmark. Obesity, 14, 1257–1263. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.143
Scheuer, L., Black, S. (2000). Developmental juvenile osteology. London: Elsevier.
Scheuer, J.L., Musgrave, J.H., & Evans, S.P. (1980). The estimation of late fetal and perinatal age from limb bone length by linear and logarithmic regression. Annals of Human Biology, 7 (3), 257-265.
Sherwood, R. J., Meindl, R. S., Robinson, H. B., & May, R. L. (2000). Fetal age: methods of estimation and effects of pathology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 113, 305–315.
Stratz, C.H. (1910). Wachstum und proportionen des fötus. Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Gynaekologie, 65, 36-51.
Tanner, J.M. (1981). A history of the study of human growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tocheri, M.W., & Molto, J.E. (2002). Aging fetal and juvenile skeletons from Roman Period Egypt using basiocciput osteometrics. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12, 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.634
von Hecker, C. (1864). Klinik der Geburtskunde. Leipzig: Engelmann.
Walther, B.A., & Moore, J.L. (2005). The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in testing the performance of species richness estimators, with a literature review of estimator performance. Ecography, 28, 815–829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04112.x
Warren, M.W. (1999). Radiographic determination of developmental age in foetuses and stillborns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 708–712.
Alemán, I., Irurita, J., Valencia, A.R., Martínez, A., López-Lázaro, S., Viciano, J., & Botella, M.C. (2012). Brief Communication: The Granada Osteological Collection of Identified Infants and Young Children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149, 606–610.
Aykroyd, R. G., Lucy, D., Pollard, A. M., & Solheim, T. (1997). Technical note: regression analysis in adult age estimation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 104(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199710)104:2<259::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-Z
Besalù, E. (2013). The connection between inverse and classical calibration. Talanta, 116, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.054
Bonsall, L. (2013). Infanticide in Roman Britain: a critical review of the osteological evidence. Childhood in the Past, 6, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1179/1758571613Z.0000000007
Butt, K., & Lim, K. (2014). Determination of gestational age by ultrasound. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 36, 171-183.
Calce, S.E., & Rogers, T.L. (2011). Evaluation of age estimation technique: testing traits of the acetabulum to estimate age at death in adult males. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, 302–311.
Calderini, G. (1875). Le dimensioni del feto negli ultimi tre mesi della gravidanza. Turin: Loescher.
Carneiro, C., Curate, F., Borralho, P., & Cunha, E. (2013). Radiographic fetal osteometry: Approach on age estimation for the Portuguese population. Forensic Science International, 231, 139e1 – 139e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.039
Carneiro, C., Curate, F., & Cunha, E. (2016). A method for estimating gestational age of fetal remains based on long bone lengths. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 130(5), 1333-1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-016-1393-5
Chamberlain, A.T. (2006). Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chávez-Martínez P, Ortega-Palma A, Castrejo L, Cha P, Arteaga-martın M (2016) Equations to estimate foetal age at the moment of death in the Mexican population. Forensic Sci Int 266:587.e1-587.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.011
Cho, H. J., Won, H. S., Ju, D. H., Roh, H. J., Lee, P. R., & Kim, A. (2010). Evaluation of the usefulness of the fetal femur length with respect to gestational age to detect Down syndrome in Korean subjects. Prenatal Diagnosis, 30(May), 734–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd
Corrado, G. (1899). Rapporti metrici tra le varie parti del corpo foetale ed altre considerazioni in ordine all'identità: studio medico-legale ed antropologico. Napoli: Stab. tipo-stereotipo F di Gennaro & A Morano.
Crawford, S., & Lewis, C. (2008). Childhood studies and the society for the study of childhood in the past. Childhood in the Past, 1, 5-16.
Cunha, E., Baccino, E., Martrille, L., Ramsthaler, F., Prieto, J., Schuliar, Y., Lynnerup N, & Cattaneo, C. (2009). The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: A review. Forensic Science International, 193(1–3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.09.008
Curate, F., Robles, F., Rosa, S., Matos, S., Tavares, A., & António, T. (2015). Mortalidade Infantil na Ermida do Espírito Santo (Almada): entre o afecto e a marginalização. Al-Madan, 19, 68–76.
Dirkmaat, D., & Cabo, L.L. (2012). Forensic Anthropology: embracing the new paradigm. In Dirkmaat, D. (Ed.), A Companion to Forensic Anthropology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118255377.ch1
Fazekas, I.G., & Kósa, F. (1978). Forensic Foetal Osteology. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Franklin, D. (2010). Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: Current concepts and future directions. Legal Medicine, 12, 1–7.
Gardosi, J. (1997). Dating of pregnancy: time to forget the last menstrual period. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9, 367–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1997.09060367.x
Gilbert-Barness, E., & Debich-Spicer, D.E. (2004). Embryo and Foetal Pathology – Color Atlas with Ultrasound Correlation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gowland, R. L., & Chamberlain, A. T. (2002). A Bayesian Approach to Ageing Perinatal Skeletal Material from Archaeological Sites : Implications for the Evidence for Infanticide in Roman-Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29, 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0776
Halcrow, S. & Tayles, N. (2011). The bioarchaeological investigation of children and childhood. In Agarwal, S., & Glencross, B. (Eds.). Social bioarchaeology (pp. 333-360). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9781444390537.ch12
Halcrow, S.E., Tayles, N., Inglis, R., & Higham, C. (2012). Newborn twins from Prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia: birth, death and personhood. Antiquity, 86, 838-852.
Hillson, S. (2009). The world’s largest infant cemetery and its potential for studying growth and development. Hesperia Supplement, 43, 137-154.
Huxley, A. (1998). Analysis of shrinkage in human foetal diaphyseal lengths from fresh to dry bone using Petersohn and Kohler’s data. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43, 423–426.
Huxley, A. (2005). Gestational age discrepancies due to acquisition artifact in the forensic foetal osteology collection at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA. American Journal of Forensic and Medical Pathology, 26(3), 216–220.
Huxley, A., & Kósa, F. (1999). Calculation of percentage shrinkage in human foetal diphyseal lengths from fresh bone to carbonized and calcined bone using Petersohn and Kohler’s data. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 577–583.
Jeanty, P., Kirkpatrick, C., Dramaix-Wilmet, M., & Struyven, J. (1981). Ultrasonic evaluation of foetal limb growth. Radiology, 140, 165-168.
Kinare, A.S., Chinchwadkar, M.C., Natekar, A.S., Coyaji, K.J., Wills, A.K., Joglekar, C.V., Yajnik, C.S., & Fall, C.H. (2010). Patterns of foetal growth in a rural Indian cohort and comparison with a Western European population: data from the Pune maternal nutrition study. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 29(2), 215-223.
Kósa, F. (2000). Application and role of anthropological research in the practice of forensic medicine. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 44 (1-4), 179-188.
Lewis, M.E. (2007). The bioarchaeology of children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, M. E., & Gowland, R. (2007). Brief and precarious lives: infant mortality in contrasting sites from Medieval and Post-Medieval England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa
Lieverse, A.R., Bazaliiskii, V.I., & Weber, A.W. (2015). Death by twins: a remarkable case of dystocic childbirth in Early Neolithic Siberia. Antiquity, 89 (343), 23-38
Liversidge, H.M., Smith, B.H., & Maber, M. (2010). Bias and accuracy of age estimation using developing teeth in 946 children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143 (4), 545-554. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21349
Lillehammer, G. (1989). A child is born. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 22, 89–105.
Lillehammer, G. (2015). 25 Years with the ‘Child’ and the Archaeology of Childhood, Childhood in the Past, 8 (2), 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1179/1758571615Z.00000000030
Mays, S., & Eyers, J. (2011). Perinatal infant death at the Roman villa site at Hambleden, Buckinghamshire, England. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(8), 1931–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.002
Meinl, A., Huber, C. D., Tangl, S., Gruber, G. M., Teschler-Nicola, M., & Watzek, G. (2008). Comparison of the validity of three dental methods for the estimation of age at death. Forensic Science International, 178(2–3), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.02.008
Moore, A. (2009). Hearth and home: the burial of infants within Romano-British domestic contexts. Childhood in the Past, 2, 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1179/cip.2009.2.1.33
Nava, A., Coppa, A., Coppola, D., Mancini, L., Dreossi, D., Zanini, F., Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., & Bondioli, L. (2017). Virtual histological assessment of the prenatal life history and age at death of the Upper Paleolithic fetus from Ostuni (Italy). Scientific Reports, 7, 9427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09773-2
Olivier, G. (1977). The secular change in birth height (from 1910 to 1972 in Paris). Journal of Human Evolution, 6 (3), 293-296.
Olivier, G., & Pinneau, H. (1960). Nouvelle détermination de la taille fœtale d’après les longueurs diaphysaires des os longs. Annales de Medecine Legal, 40, 141-144.
Olsen, Ø.E., Lie, R.T., Maartmann-Moe, H., Pirhonen, J., Lachman, R.S., & Rosendahl, K. (2002). Skeletal measurements among infants who die during the perinatal period: new population-based reference. Pediatric Radiology, 32, 667–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-001-0627-x
Ortiz, G., Paz, F., Zenteno, B., Zuñiga, S., & Nieva, L. (2018). Estudio de sub-adultos de la cuenca del río San Francisco, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina (0-500 DC). Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica, 20, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.17139/raab.2018.0020.02.01
Owsley, D.W., & Bradtmiller, B. (1983). Mortality of pregnant females in Arikara villages: osteological evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74, 331-336.
Piercecchi-Marti, M-D., Adalian, P., Bourliere-Najean, B., Gouvernet, J., Maczel, M., Dutour, O., & Leonetti, G. (2002). Validation of a radiographic method to establish new foetal growth standards: radio-anatomical correlation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47, 328–331.
Saunders, S.R., Fitzgerald, C., Rogers, T., Dudar, C., & McKillop, H. (1992). A test of several methods of skeletal age estimation using a documented archaeological sample. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 2, 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.1992.10757005
Scammon, R.E., & Calkins, L.A. (1923). Simple empirical formulae for expressing the linear growth of the human fetus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, XX, 353-356.
Scammon, R.E., Calkins, L.A. (1929). The development and growth of the external dimension of the human fetus. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
Schack-Nielsen, L., Mølgaard, C., Sørensen, T.I., Greisen, G., & Michaelsen, K.F. (2006). Secular change in size at birth from 1973 to 2003: national data from Denmark. Obesity, 14, 1257–1263. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.143
Scheuer, L., Black, S. (2000). Developmental juvenile osteology. London: Elsevier.
Scheuer, J.L., Musgrave, J.H., & Evans, S.P. (1980). The estimation of late fetal and perinatal age from limb bone length by linear and logarithmic regression. Annals of Human Biology, 7 (3), 257-265.
Sherwood, R. J., Meindl, R. S., Robinson, H. B., & May, R. L. (2000). Fetal age: methods of estimation and effects of pathology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 113, 305–315.
Stratz, C.H. (1910). Wachstum und proportionen des fötus. Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Gynaekologie, 65, 36-51.
Tanner, J.M. (1981). A history of the study of human growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tocheri, M.W., & Molto, J.E. (2002). Aging fetal and juvenile skeletons from Roman Period Egypt using basiocciput osteometrics. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12, 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.634
von Hecker, C. (1864). Klinik der Geburtskunde. Leipzig: Engelmann.
Walther, B.A., & Moore, J.L. (2005). The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in testing the performance of species richness estimators, with a literature review of estimator performance. Ecography, 28, 815–829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04112.x
Warren, M.W. (1999). Radiographic determination of developmental age in foetuses and stillborns. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 708–712.
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18.06.2019
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Carneiro, C., Curate, F., Alemán, I., Botella, M., & Cunha, E. (2019). Estimación de la edad fetal en huesos secos: investigando la aplicabilidad de ecuaciones desarrolladas en una muestra radiográfica. Revista Argentina De Antropología Biológica, 21(2), 008. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e008
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La RAAB es una revista de acceso abierto tipo diamante. No se aplican cargos para la lectura, el envío de los trabajos ni tampoco para su procesamiento. Asímismo, los autores mantienen el copyright sobre sus trabajos así como también los derechos de publicación sin restricciones.
