Leaf anatomical changes in temperate cereals in response to low temperature
Keywords:
stomatal density, stomatal index, low temperature, acclimation, grassesAbstract
Among the numerous morpho-anatomical responses induced by low temperature in temperate grasses, those related to changes in epidermal anatomy have received little attention despite their adaptive significance. In this work we studied leaf anatomical changes induced by low temperature (5°C, as compared to controls at 25°C) in wheat, barley, rye and oats including, for each species, two genotypes with contrasting cold adaptation responses (one spring and one winter genotype), with the aim of evaluating if low temperature modifies stomatal density, stomatal index and related variables, and whether the magnitude of these responses is linked to genotype characteristics (either spring or winter). A generalized decrease in stomatal density was observed in all genotypes as a consequence of low temperature, but this response was most remarkable in winter cultivars within each species. The decrease in stomatal density was mainly explained by an increased length of inter-stomatal epidermal cells, and additionally by a lower proportion of rows with stomata. This, in turn, would explain the reduction in stomatal index that was observed in several cases. Length of stomatal cells was not affected by temperature, unlike previous reports. Our results suggest that the decrease in stomatal density at low temperatura is a general response in temperate grasses, especially in winter genotypes within each species. Possible mechanisms involved and ecophysiological significance of these responses, are discussed.
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