Mercados de trabajo digitales en la economía de plataformas
Mapeando los desafíos políticos del trabajo colaborativo y del trabajo de plataformas [Gig Work]
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24215/23143924e018Palabras clave:
economía colaborativa, trabajo de plataformas, fuerza laboral a demanda, trabajo independiente, economía de plataformasResumen
La llamada “economía colaborativa” es un tema muy debatido. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling y muchos otros modelos de negocios basados en plataformas buscan “trastocar” aquellas industrias que describen como “anquilosadas” y poco amigables para el usuario. Estos jugadores afirman estar creando nuevos servicios más flexibles y rentables. En efecto, las nuevas plataformas que sirven como intermediarias entre la oferta y la demanda, tienen muchas contribuciones valiosas para ofrecer.
Sin embargo, las nuevas plataformas se encuentran cada vez más asediadas por las críticas. Por lo general, estas dependen de una fuerza laboral conformada por trabajadores independientes [independent contractors], que trabajan por cuenta propia y bajo su propio riesgo, por salarios bajos y sin ningún tipo de seguridad social. En este sentido, ni los proveedores de la plataforma ni sus clientes asumen el papel y las responsabilidades de un empleador.
Las leyes laborales, la protección de los trabajadores, las normas de salud y seguridad, la calidad del trabajo y las cargas sociales recaen principalmente sobre los trabajadores, quienes tampoco tienen derecho al tipo de participación común en otros sectores. Los clientes de las plataformas obtienen acceso a una fuerza laboral a demanda [on-demand], mientras que los trabajadores que proveen la mano de obra están sujetos a condiciones laborales precarias.
En este contexto, la Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decidió examinar más de cerca los modelos de negocio digitales basados en plataformas y sus implicancias para la economía y la sociedad. Si bien las plataformas digitales han llegado a desempeñar un rol relevante en muchas ramas de la economía, la presente publicación se centra en las más controvertidas sociopolíticamente, es decir, las plataformas de trabajo digital [digital labour platforms]. El estudio explica los mecanismos básicos de las tres caras de los mercados de trabajo digital y compara sus variantes y subcategorías. También explica las características específicas y los desafíos de las diferentes categorías y propone puntos de partida para la toma de decisiones políticas.
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