Mercados de trabalho digitais na economia de plataforma
Mapeando os Desafios Políticos do Crowd Work e Gig Work
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24215/23143924e018Palavras-chave:
economia de compartilhamento, trabalho de plataforma, força de trabalho sob demanda, contratante independente, economia de plataformasResumo
A chamada “economia compartilhada” é um tema muito debatido. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling e muitos outros modelos de negócios baseados em plataforma querem “perturbar” setores que eles retratam como “ossificados” e hostis ao usuário. Os concorrentes pretendem criar novos serviços mais flexíveis e econômicos. E, de fato, as novas plataformas, que servem como intermediárias entre a oferta e a demanda, têm muitas contribuições valiosas a oferecer. No entanto, as novas plataformas são cada vez mais assediadas por críticas. Normalmente contam com uma força de trabalho de contratados independentes, que trabalham por conta própria e por sua conta e risco, com baixos salários e sem seguridade social. Nem os fornecedores de plataforma nem seus clientes assumem o papel e as responsabilidades de um empregador. As leis trabalhistas, a proteção do trabalhador, os regulamentos de saúde e segurança, a qualidade do trabalho e as contribuições para a seguridade social recaem principalmente sobre a responsabilidade dos contratantes independentes, que também não têm direito ao tipo de participação dos trabalhadores comum em outros setores. Os clientes das plataformas têm essencialmente acesso a mão-de-obra on-demand, enquanto os autônomos que fornecem a mão-de-obra estão sujeitos a condições de trabalho precárias. Neste contexto, a Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decidiu examinar mais de perto os modelos de negócios digitais baseados em plataformas e suas implicações para a economia e a sociedade. Embora as plataformas digitais tenham vindo a desempenhar um papel em muitos ramos da economia, a presente publicação centra-se nos mais contestados sócio-politicamente, nomeadamente as plataformas digitais de trabalho. O estudo explica os mecanismos básicos dos mercados de trabalho digitais de três lados e compara suas variantes e subcategorias. Também explica as características específicas e os desafios das diferentes categorias e propõe pontos de partida para medidas políticas.
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