Sensibilidad de los cuidadores y seguridad del apego en preescolares ecuatorianos con TEA

Elena Díaz Mosquera; Magaly Nóblega

doi:10.24215/2422572Xe096

Authors

Elena Díaz Mosquera Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Ecuador) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-2614
Magaly Nóblega Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (Perú) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-813X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24215/2422572Xe096

Keywords:

caregiver sensitivity, attachment security, autism spectrum disorder, typical development, preschool children

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to explore the association of the attachment security of a group of preschool-age children with mild to moderate autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with their caregiver figures’ sensitivity. The participants were 25 dyads of medium socioeconomic level, living in Quito, Ecuador, whose results were compared with those of a typical development group with similar sociodemographic characteristics, from a previous study. The instruments used were the Attachment Q-set (AQS) and the Maternal Behavior for Preschoolers Q-set (MBPQS) adapted to the typical population and with ASD from Ecuador. The results showed that between the two groups there were significant differences in the security of the children, but not in the sensitivity of their caregivers. In addition, statistically significant correlations between sensitivity and security were found in the group with ASD, as well as a significant predictive value of sensitivity on security. Findings are discussed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Elena Díaz Mosquera, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Ecuador)

Doctor in Psychology, Master in Education, Graduate in Psychology with a specialization in Clinical Psychology. Associate professor and researcher at the PUCE Faculty of Psychology. Lines of work, research and publications: autism spectrum disorders, attachment links, psychoeducational processes.

Magaly Nóblega, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (Perú)

Doctor in Psychology. Principal Professor of the Faculty of Psychology of the PUCP. Researcher in the area of Developmental Psychology. Research topics: bonding relationships throughout the life cycle, securely based behavior, child attachment representations and socio-emotional competence, parental behavior, adult attachment representations, experiences of motherhood and fatherhood, parenting and culture.

References

Aguirre, M. (2019). Autismo y psicoanálisis. Orbis Tertius UPAL, 3(5), 139-155.

Ainsworth, M. D. (1969). Maternal Sensitivity Scales. The Baltimore longitudinal project.

Ainsworth, M. D. y Bell, S. M. (1972). Mother-infant interaction and the development of competence. U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare. Office of Education.

American Psychiatric Association (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, 5ta Ed. (DSM-5). Médica Panamericana.

American Psychiatric Association (2016). Neurodevelopmental disorders: DSM-5 selections. American Psychiatric Publishing.

Atkinson, L., Niccols, A., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J., Parker, K., Poulton, K., Guger, S. y Sitarenios, G. (2000). A meta-analysis of time between maternal sensitivity and attachment assesments: Implications for internal working models in infancy/toddlerhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 791-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500176005

Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D., Maenner, M., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson R., C., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L-C., Harrington, R., López, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., … Dowling, N. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1

Baron-Cohen, S. (2010). Autismo y síndrome de Asperger. Alianza.

Bowlby, J. (1969/1998). El apego y la pérdida: el apego (Vol. 1). Paidós Ibérica.

Capps, L., Sigman, M. y Mundy, P. (1994). Attachment security in children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6(2), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004569

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html

Cerezo, M. Á., Pons-Salvador, G. y Trenado, R. (2011). La cualidad del apego infantil y sensibilidad materna desde la perspectiva microsocial. Acción Psicológica, 8(2), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.8.2.185

Chiaravalli, L. (2011). Sensitividad materna en madres de niños con un diagnóstico del espectro autista. Tesis de Licenciatura. Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/1180

Código de la niñez y adolescencia. (2014). Ecuador. https://www.igualdad.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2017/11/codigo_ninezyadolescencia.pdf

De Wolff, M. S. y van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis of parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571-591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132107

Delfos, M. F. y Groot, N. (2016). Autismo desde una perspectiva del desarrollo. Editorial SWP.

Díaz, E., Andrade, I., Espinosa, E., Nóblega, M. y Núñez del Prado, J. (2018). Cuidado sensible y seguridad del apego en preescolares. Ciencias Psicológicas, 12(1), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v12i1.1600

Díaz, E. y Nóblega, M. (2019). Apego y autismo en Ecuador: exploración de validez de contenido del Attachment Q-set (AQS). CienciAmérica, 8(2), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.33210/ca.v8i2.233

Díaz, E. y Nóblega, M. (2020). El MBPQS en Ecuador: exploración de la validez de contenido para su aplicación en figuras cuidadoras de niños con TEA. Ciencias Psicológicas, 14(1), e-2063. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v14i1.2063

Frantzen, K. K., Lauritsen, M. B., Jorgensen, M., Tanggaard, L., Fetters, M. D., Aikens, J. E. y Bjerrum, M. (2016). Parental self-perception in the autism spectrum disorder literature: Asystematic mixed studies review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3(1), 18-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-015-0063-8

Frith, U. (2004). Autismo: hacia la explicación del enigma. Alianza.

Grzadzinski, R. L., Luyster, R., Spencer, A. G. y Lord, C. (2014). Attachment in young children with autism spectrum disorders: An examination of separation and reunion behaviors with both mothers and fathers. Autism, 18(2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312467235

Howes, C. y Spieker, S. (2016). Attachment relationships in the context of multiple caregivers. En J. Cassidy y P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3 ed., pp. 314-329). Guilford Press.

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC). (2011). Encuesta de estratificación del nivel socioeconómico. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/encuesta-de-estratificacion-del-nivel-socioeconomico/

Jerusalinsky, A. (1997). Psicoanálisis del autismo. Nueva Visión.

Kahane, L. y El-Tahir, M. (2015). Attachment behavior in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9(2), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-06-2014-0026

Karst, J. S. y Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(3), 247-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6

Koren-Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S. y Yirmiya, N. (2009). Mothers of securely attached children with autism spectrum disorder are more sensitive than mothers of insecurely attached children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02043.x

Larbán V., J. (2012). Vivir con el autismo, una experiencia relacional. Octaedro S. L.

López, N., Iriarte, C. y González, M. C. (2004). Aproximación y revisión del concepto "competencia social". Revista Española de Pedagogía, 227, 143-156.

Martos, J. y Burgos, M. (2013). Del autismo infantil precoz al trastorno del espectro autista. En F. Alcantud (Coord.), Trastornos del espectro autista: detección, diagnóstico e intervención temprana (pp. 17-34). Pirámide.

McKenzie, R. y Dallos, R. (2017). Autism and attachment difficulties: Overlap of symptoms, implications and innovative solutions. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(4), 632-648. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104517707323

Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. y Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2016a). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. En J. Cassidy y P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment. Theory, research and clinical applications (3 ed., pp. 852-877). Guilford Press.

Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Behrens, K., Carbonell, O. A., Cárcamo, R., Cohen-Paraira, I., de la Harpe, C., Ekmekci, H., Emmen, R., Heidar, J., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Mels, C., Mooya, H., Murtisari, S., Nóblega, M., Ortiz, J., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Sichimba, F., Soares, I., . . . Zreik, G. (2016b). Is the ideal mother a sensitive mother? Beliefs about early childhood parenting in mothers across the globe. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(5), 385-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415594030

Murphy, T. P. y Laible, D. J. (2013). The influence of attachment security on preschool children's empathic concern. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(5), 436-440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413487502

Naber, F. B., Swinkels, S. H., Buitelaar, J. K., Dietz, C., van Daalen, E., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. y van Engeland, H. (2007). Joint attention and attachment in toddlers with autism. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(6), 899-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9142-3

Neimy, H., Pelaez, M., Carrow, J., Monlux, K. y Tarbox, J. (2017). Infants at risk of autism and developmental disorders: Establishing early social skills. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 22(1), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1037/bdb0000046

Nóblega, M. (2012). Conducta de base segura y sensitividad en niños y madres del distrito Los Olivos. Tesis doctoral. Escuela de Posgrados, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/4491

Nóblega, M., Bárrig, P., Conde, G., Núñez del Prado, J., Carbonell, O. A., Altmann de Litvan, M., González, E., Sasson, E., Weigensberg de Perkal, A. y Bauer, M. (2016). Cuidado materno y seguridad del apego antes del primer año de vida. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.cmsa

Ozonoff, S., Pennington, S. y Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32(7), 1081-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.tb00351.x

Perry, E. y Flood, A. (2016). Austism spectrum disorder and attachment: A clinician´s perspective. En H. K. Fletcher, A. Flood y D. J. Hare (Eds.), Attachment in intellectual and developmental disability: A clinician's guide to practice and research (1a ed., pp. 79-103). Wiley & Sons.

Piro, M. C. (2017). El Autismo como campo de problemas: coordenadas e interrogantes contemporáneos. En M. C. Piro (Coord.), El autismo. Perspectivas teórico-clínicas y desafíos contemporáneos (1ª ed., pp. 6-24). EDULP.

Posada, G., Gao, Y., Wu, F., Posada, R., Tascon, M., Schöelmerich, A., Sagi, A., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Haaland, W. y Synnevaag, B. (1995a). The secure-base phenomenon across cultures: Children's behavior, mothers' preferences, and experts' concepts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166169

Posada, G., Kaloustian, G., Richmond, M. K. y Moreno, A. (2007). Maternal secure base support and preschoolers' secure base behavior in natural environments. Attachment and Human Development, 9(4), 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730701712316

Posada, G., Lu, T., Trumbell, J., Kaloustian, G., Trudel, M., Plata, S. J., Peña, P. P., Perez, J., Tereno, S., Dugravier, R., Coppola, G., Constantini, A., Cassibba, R., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Nóblega, M., Haya, I. M., Pedraglio, C., Verissimo, M., Santos, A. J., . . . Keng-Ling, L. (2013). Is the secure base phenomenon evident here, there, and anywhere? A cross-cultural study of child behavior and experts' definitions. Child Deveopment, 84(6), 1896-1905. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12084

Posada, G., Waters, E., Crowell, J. y Lay, K. L. (1995b). Is it easier to use a secure mother as a secure base? Attachment Q-set correlates of the adult attachment interview. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3, Serial N° 244), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166175

Rutgers, A. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. y van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2004). Autism and attachment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 45(6), 1123-1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00305.x

Rutgers, A. H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. y Swinkels, S. H. (2007). Autism and attachment: The Attachment Q-sort. Autism, 11(2), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307075713

Salinas-Quiroz, F., Morales C., F., Cruz-Martínez., L., Posada, G. y Carbonell, A. (2014). Aproximación psicométrica al uso de los Q-sorts en contextos de Educación Inicial. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 4(2), 1595-1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2007-4719(14)70396-5

Schopler, E., Van Bourgondien, M. E., Wellman, G. J. y Love, S. R. (2010). Childhood autism rating scale, second edition (CARS-2) (2 ed.). Western Psychological Services.

Seskin, L., Feliciano, E., Tippy, G., Yedloutschnig, R., Sossin, K. M. y Yasik, A. (2010). Attachment and autism: Parental attachment representations and relational behoviours in the parental-child dyad. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 949-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9417-y

Simon, D. J. (2016). Autism spectrum disorder. En School-centered interventions: Evidence-based strategies for social, emotional, and academic success (pp. 233-255). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14779-010

Teague, S. J., Gray, K. M., Tonge, B. J. y Newman, L. K. (2017). Attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 35, 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.12.002

van IJzendoorn, M. H., Goldberg, S., Kroonenberg, P. M. y Frenkel, O. J. (1992). The relative effects of maternal and child problems on the quality of attachment: A meta-analysis of attachment in clinical samples. Child Development, 63(4), 840-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01665.x

Vásconez, I. (2017). Prácticas de crianza educativas y machismo: influencias en el desarrollo del lenguaje de infantes de 18 meses en diversas regiones del Ecuador. Tesis de Maestría. Facultad de Ecología Humana, Univesidad Casa Grande. https://rraae.org.ec/Author/Home?author=V%C3%A1sconez+Rivera%2C+Indira

Waters, E. (1995). Appendix A: The attachment Q set (version 3.0). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 234-246. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166181

Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Buitelaar, J. K., van IJzendoorn, M. H. y van Engeland, H. (2000). Insecure and disorganised attachment in children with a pervasive developmental disorder: Relationship with social interaction and heart rate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(6), 759-767. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963099005855