Green extraction of essential oils
Keywords:
green chemistry, green extraction, natural products, essential oils, green solventsAbstract
Essential oils are secondary metabolites of plants with functions of protection and response to stress, and the term "essential" refers to the fragrance of these natural secretions. Generally, they are volatile, colorless, hydrophobic liquids, soluble in fats, alcohols and most organic solvents, with a high refractive index, optimal rotating power and a density lower than that of water. Due to its complexity, it is usual to identify tens or hundreds of different compounds, of terpenic or phenolic origin, with diverse chemical structures. Conventional extraction methods are often time and energy consuming, use a large amount of water or petroleum solvents that are harmful to the environment and human health, and generate a large amount of waste. This paper presents a compilation and description of the main production methods developed in accordance with the principles of green extraction, based on the design of extractive processes that reduce or eliminate the consumption of energy and petroleum-derived solvents, maintaining the quality and safety of the oils obtained. In addition, reference is made to the use of essential oils as solvents and synthons in green chemistry.
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