Extracción verde de aceites esenciales
Palavras-chave:
química verde, extracción verde, productos naturales, aceites esenciales, solventes verdesResumo
Los aceites esenciales son metabolitos secundarios de los vegetales con funciones de protección y respuesta al estrés, y el término “esencial” hace referencia a la fragancia de estas secreciones naturales. Generalmente, son líquidos volátiles, incoloros, hidrofóbicos, solubles en grasas, alcoholes y la mayoría de los solventes orgánicos, con un índice de refracción elevado, un óptimo poder rotatorio y una densidad menor a la del agua. Debido a su complejidad, es usual identificar decenas o cientos de compuestos diferentes, de origen terpénico o fenólico, con diversa estructura química. Los métodos de extracción convencionales suelen consumir tiempo y energía, inducen el uso de una gran cantidad de agua o solventes de petróleo dañinos para el medio ambiente y la salud humana, y generan una gran cantidad de desechos. En el presente trabajo se presenta una recopilación y descripción de los principales métodos de obtención desarrollados de acuerdo con los principios de la extracción verde, basados en el diseño de procesos extractivos que reduzcan o eliminen el consumo de energía y de solventes derivados del petróleo, manteniendo la calidad y seguridad de los aceites obtenidos. Además, se hace referencia al uso de aceites esenciales como solventes y sintones en química verde.
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Referências
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