Nativist Unilateralism

Continuities and ruptures in the US geopolitical agenda in the first half of the 21st Century

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24215/23142766e210

Keywords:

Trumpism, unilateralism, nativism, US Foreign Policy

Abstract

This paper analyzes the continuities and ruptures in U.S. foreign policy throughout the 21st century, with a particular focus on what we call “nativist unilateralism” as promoted by Donald J. Trump. Adopting a historical and structural perspective and an interdisciplinary approach, the study contrasts the multilateralism that characterized previous administrations with the confrontational and transactional logic of Trumpism. Far from a return to isolationism, this unilateralism is marked by economic nationalism, the abandonment of soft power, and an ideological redefinition of the national interest through a nativist lens. Drawing on official documents, speeches, and secondary sources, the paper argues that this approach transforms the traditional foundations of U.S. global leadership, privileging an exclusionary vision of Americanism whose roots can, and must, be historically traced and critically examined.

Author Biography

  • Valeria L. Carbone, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Doctora en Historia (Universidad de Buenos Aires). Cátedra de Historia de los Estados Unidos de América (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios e Investigaciones sobre América Latina (INDEAL, UBA), Cátedra Libre de Estudios de Estados Unidos (Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Grupo de Trabajo sobre Estados Unidos (Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales). Academic Manager, IFSA BUTLER Arg.

References

Appleman Williams, W. (1960). La tragedia de la diplomacia norteamericana. Editorial Grijalbo.

Arguello, J. (2024). Las dos almas de Estados Unidos. Viaje al corazón de una sociedad fracturada. Capital Intelectual.

Background briefing on FY 2026 Defense Budget. (26 de junio de 2025). U.S. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/4228828/background-briefing-on-fy-2026-defense-budget/

Barnet, R. (1974). Guerra perpetua. Los hombres y las instituciones responsables de la política exterior de los Estados Unidos. Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Brands, H. y Edel, C. (2019). The lessons of tragedy: Statecraft and world order. Yale University Press.

Brooking Institute. (1 de julio de 2024). America's Foreign Policy: A conversation with Secretary of State Antony Blinken [Archivo de video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITTT9izVUcI

Bruce, T. (26 de enero de 2025). Implementing the President's Executive Order on reevaluating and realigning United States foreign aid. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/implementing-the-presidents-executive-order-on-reevaluating-and-realigning-united-states-foreign-aid/

Carbone, V. L. (2024). Black Lives Matter: racismo estructural e ideología racial en los Estados Unidos del trumpismo. En P. A. Pozzi y V. L. Carbone (Comps.), Crisis y decadencia de los Estados Unidos (pp. 115–143). Imago Mundi.

Castellanos, D. S. (6 de enero de 2025). ¿Cuál será el rol de China en Latam en 2025? Los puntos claves en su relación. Blomberg en línea. https://www.bloomberglinea.com/economia/cual-sera-el-rol-de-china-en-latam-en-2025-los-puntos-claves-en-su-relacion/

Davis, P. (18 de enero de 2025). Donald Trump's inauguration. Which tech leaders attended and who skipped it? Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/next/2025/01/18/donald-trumps-inauguration-which-tech-leaders-will-be-attending-and-who-will-skip-it

Donald Trump expounds on his Foreign Policy views. (26 de marzo de 2016). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/us/politics/donald-trump-transcript.html

Donald Trump impulsa una ambiciosa reforma fiscal que favorece a los ingresos más altos y recorta programas sociales. (21 de mayo de 2025). Ámbito Financiero. https://www.ambito.com/economia/donald-trump-impulsa-una-ambiciosa-reforma-fiscal-que-favorece-los-ingresos-mas-altos-y-recorta-programas-sociales-n6147664

Ferner, M. (7 de octubre de 2016). Donald Trump still thinks the Central Park Five are guilty (they aren’t). HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-central-park-five_n_57f7ceafe4b0e655eab3c002

Frum, D. (5 de febrero de 2025). How Trump lost his trade war. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/02/trump-tariffs-mexico-canada/681579/

Guia, A. (2016). El reto del nativismo a la pluralidad e igualdad en las democracias liberales. En M. Mesa (Coord.), Retos inaplazables en el sistema internacional. Anuario CEIPAZ 2015-2016 (pp 107-120). Fondo Cultura de Paz.

Hill, M. y Hurst, S. (2020). The Trump presidency: Continuity and change in US foreign policy. Global Affairs, 6(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2020.1726788

Ikenberry, J. (2002). America's imperial ambition. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.2307/20033268

Kennedy, P. (1989). Auge y caída de las grandes potencias. DeBolsillo.

Matush, K. (2023). Harnessing Backlash: How leaders can benefit from antagonizing foreign actors. British Journal of Political Science, 53(3), 902-918. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000370

Merino, G. (2025). Estados Unidos-China-América Latina. Transición geopolítica y Guerra Mundial Híbrida. En G. Merino y L. Morgenfeld (Coords.), Nuestra América, Estados Unidos y China. Transición geopolítica del sistema mundial (pp. 25-61). CLACSO, Batalla de Ideas.

Nye, J. S. (2010). Prefacio y Capítulo 5: El poder blando y la política exterior americana, en Soft Power, Public Affairs, New Hampshire, 2004. Relaciones Internacionales, 14, 117-140. https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2010.14.006

Nye, J. S. (2020). Do morals matter? Presidents and foreign policy from FDR to Trump. Oxford University Press.

Phillips, K. (13 de abril de 2006). Theocons and theocrats. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/theocons-and-theocrats/

Ralston, S. J. (2011). Pragmatism in International Relations: Theory and research. Eidos, (14), 72-105.

Rogero, T. (30 de junio de 2025). Trump’s aid freeze will drive migration from Latin America, experts warn. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/30/trump-aid-freeze-latin-america

Rothstein, R. (2017). The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. Liveright Publishing Corporation.

Sacco, L. (2018). Antifa – Background. Congressional Research Service.

Smith, J. (24 de junio de 2019). In 1987, Trump took out newspaper ads critizing U.S. foreign policy. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/05133dbe63ace98766527ec7d16ede08

Stokes, D. (2018). Trump, American hegemony and the future of the liberal international order. International Affairs, 94(1), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix238

Swan, B. W. (4 de septiembre de 2020). DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat. Político. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/04/white-supremacists-terror-threat-dhs-409236

Team WOLA. (31 de enero de 2025). Trump's pause of U.S. foreign assistance to Latin America: An 'America Last' policy. Washington Office on Latin America. https://www.wola.org/analysis/trumps-pause-of-u-s-foreign-assistance-to-latin-america-an-america-last-policy/

Trump, D. J. (20 de enero de 2017). Inaugural Address Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/inaugural-address-14

Trump, D. J. (18 de junio de 2021). A plan to get divisive & radical theories out of our schools. RealClear Politics. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2021/06/18/a_plan_to_get_divisive__radical_theories_out_of_our_schools_145946.html

Vanke, A. (27 de marzo de 2024). Structure of feeling: A conceptual tool in the study of how 'ordinary' people live and struggle. Raymond Williams Society. https://raymondwilliams.co.uk/2024/03/27/structure-of-feeling-a-conceptual-tool-in-the-study-of-how-ordinary-people-live-and-struggle

Wike, R., Poushter, J., Silver, L. y Fetterolf, J. (11 de junio de 2025). U.S. image declines in many nations amid low confidence in Trump. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/06/11/us-image-declines-in-many-nations-amid-low-confidence-in-trump/

Downloads

Published

2025-10-30

How to Cite

Carbone, V. L. (2025). Nativist Unilateralism: Continuities and ruptures in the US geopolitical agenda in the first half of the 21st Century. International Relations, 34(69), e210. https://doi.org/10.24215/23142766e210