Estimaciones de fuerza de mordida y su relación con las características de la dieta/Bite force estimates and its relationship with characteristics of diet
Resumen
RESUMEN: La fuerza de mordida (FM) es un parámetro biomecánico que indica la cantidad de fuerza que se aplica durante la masticación de un determinado tipo de alimento. En este trabajo, se compararon las FM de seis poblaciones de humanos modernos que difieren en las características de sus dietas. A partir de fotografías de la base del cráneo, se digitalizaron puntos morfológicos que determinan la forma de los músculos masticadores y permiten las estimaciones de los brazos de carga y resistencia para el cálculo de la FM. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias con respecto a la FM entre los grupos clasificados como dieta dura (DD) y los asignados a una dieta blanda (DB) a nivel de la mordida de corte (incisivos centrales), pero no a nivel de la mordida trituradora (mordida bilateral). También queda en evidencia que las diferencias más grandes se deben, en primer lugar, a las diferencias poblacionales, luego al tipo de dieta (DD o DB) y, finalmente, a la diferencia entre sexos. Todas estas diferencias son también más evidentes en la mordida de corte que en la trituradora. Finalmente, algunas distinciones entre individuos de distintos sexos indicarían que la división de trabajo trajo aparejada una diferencia en el consumo de alimentos.
PALABRAS CLAVE masticación; morfometría geométrica; dureza de los alimentos
ABSTRACT: The bite force is a biomechanical parameter that indicates the amount of force applied during the mastication of a type of food. In this paper, we compared the bite force of six modern human populations which differ in the diets characteristics. Morphological points were digitized on skull base photographs, determining the shape of the masticatory muscles and allowing estimates of load and resistance arms in order to measure the bite force. The results indicate differences in the bite force between groups with a hard diet and those with a soft diet as regards the cutting bite (central incisors), but not the crushing one (bilateral bite). Also, the greatest differences are due to population differences in the first place, followed by the type of diet (hard or soft ones) and, finally, the difference between sexes. These differences are also more evident in the cutting bite than in the crushing one. Finally, some distinctions between males and females would indicate that the division of work entailed differences in food consumption.
KEY WORDS mastication; geometric morphometrics; hardness of food
doi: 10.17139/raab.2014.0016.01.05
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Alfaro Moctezuma PE, Ángeles Medina F, Osorno Escareño MC, Núñez Martínez J, Romero Esquiliano G. 2012. Fuerza de mordida: su importancia en la masticación, su medición y sus condicionantes clínicos. Parte I. Rev Asociación Dental Mexicana 69(2):53-57.
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Beecher RM, Corruccini RS. 1981. Effects of dietary consistency on maxillary arch breadth in macaques. J Dent Res 60:68. doi:10.1177/00220345810600011301
Beecher RM, Corruccini RS, Freeman M. 1983. Craniofacial correlates of dietary consistency in a nonhuman primate. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 3:193-202.
Bennett J, Rowley S. 2004. Gathering. En: Bennett J, Rowley S, compiladores y editores. Uqalurait: an oral history of Nunavut. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. p 84-85.
Brennan M, Antonyshyn O. 1996. The effects of temporalis muscle manipulation on skull growth: an experimental study. Plast Reconstr Surg 97:13-24. doi:10.1097/00006534-199601000-00002
Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series N° 44.
Carlson DS. 1976. Temporal variation in prehistoric Nubian crania. Am J Phys Anthropol 45:467-484. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330450308
Carlson DS, Van Gerven DP. 1977. Masticatory function and post-Pleistocene evolution in Nubia. Am J Phys Anthropol 46:495-506. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330460316
Chinique de Armas Y, Rodríguez Suárez R, Arredondo Antúne C, Collazo O, Boza A, Alleyne S, Álvarez M, Liva M, Jiménez J. 2009. Estudio paleodietario en restos óseos aborígenes del sitio arqueológico Canímar Abajo, Matanzas, Cuba. Boletín Antropológico 73:131-148.
Ciochon RL, Nisbett RA, Corruccini RS. 1997. Dietary consistency and craniofacial development related to masticatory function in minipigs. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 17:96-102.
Corruccini RS. 1999. How anthropology informs the orthodontic diagnosis of malocclusion´s causes. Lewiston: The Edwin Meller Press.
Corruccini RS, Beecher RM. 1982. Occlusal variation related to soft diet in a nonhuman primate. Science 218:74-76. doi:10.1126/science.7123221
Corruccini RS, Beecher RM. 1984. Occlusofacial morphological integration lowered in baboons raised on soft diet. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 4:135-142.
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Corruccini RS, Henderson AM, Kaul SS. 1985. Bite-force variation related to occlusal variation in rural and urban Punjabis (North India). Arch Oral Biol 30:65-69. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(85)90026-3
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Glasgow M, Wilcoxon L. 1988. Coastal adaptations near point Conception, California, with particular regard to shellfish exploitation. Am Antiq 53:36-51. doi:10.2307/281153
González-José R, Gonzalez-Martin A, Hernández M, Pucciarelli HM, Sardi M, Rosales A, Van Der Molen S. 2003. Craniometric evidence for Palaeoamerican survival in Baja California. Nature 425:62-65. doi:10.1038/nature01816
González-José R, Martínez-Abadías N, González-Martín A, Neves W, Pucciarelli HM, Hernández M. 2006. Análisis morfogeométrico de cuatro cráneos antiguos del valle de México: Peñón III, Metro Balderas, Chimalhuacán y Cueva del Tecolote. Cuicuilco 13: 105-127.
González-José R, Ramirez-Rozzi F, Sardi M, MartínezAbadías N, Hernández M, Pucciarelli HM. 2005.
Functional-cranial approach to the influence of economic strategy on skull morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:757-771. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20161
Hannam AG, Wood WW. 1989. Relationships between the size and spatial morphology of human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, the craniofacial skeleton, and jaw biomechanics. Am J Phys Anthropol 80:429-445. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330800404
Hohl TH. 1983. Masticatory muscle transposition in primates: effects on craniofacial growth. J Maxillofac Surg 11:149-156.
Howell DC. 2002. Statistical methods for psychology. Belmont: Duxbury Press.
Hylander WL. 1986. In vivo bone strain as an indicator of masticatory force in Macaca fascilularis. Arch Oral Biol 31:149-157. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(86)90120-2
Hylander WL, Johnson KR. 1992. Strain gradients in the craniofacial region of primates. En: Davidovitch Z, editor. The biological mechanisms of tooth movement and craniofacial adaptation. Columbus: Ohio State University College of Dentistry. p 559-569.
Ingervall B, Bitsanis E. 1987. A pilot study of the effect of masticatory muscle training on facial growth in longface children. Eur J Orthod 9:15-23. doi:10.1093/ejo/9.1.15
Kiliaridis S. 1995. Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand 53:196-202. doi:10.3109/00016359509005972
Kiltie RA. 1984. Size ratios among sympatric neotropical cats. Oecologia 61:411-416. doi:10.1007/BF00379644
Kirk RL. 1981. Aboriginal man adapting: the human biology of Australian aborigines. Melbourne: Clarendon Press.
Landberg LC. 1965. The Chumash indian of southern California. Los Angeles: Southwest Museum Paper N°19.
Larsen C. 1995. Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Ann Rev Anthropol 24:185-213. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001153
Larsen C. 1997. Bioarchaeology: interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511802676
Lieberman DE. 2008. Speculations about the selective basis for modern human craniofacial form. Evol Anthropol 17:55-68. doi:10.1002/evan.20154
Lieberman DE. 2011. You are how you eat: chewing and the head. The evolution of human head. Londres: The Belknap Press. Harvard University Press.
Lieberman DE, Krovitz GE, Yates FW, Devlin M, St Claire M. 2004. Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. J Hum Evol 46:655-677. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.005
Lucas PW. 2004. How teeth work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Martínez-Abadías N. 2005 Evaluación morfogeométrica del mestizaje en el Valle central de México: evolución fenotípica de la morfología creaneofacial humana. Tesis de maestría. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. España.
Molleson T, Jones K, Jones S. 1993. Dietary change and the effects of food preparation on microwear patterns in the late Neolithic of Abu Hureyra, northern Syria. J Hum Evol 24:455-468. doi:10.1006/jhev.1993.1031
Nomokonova T, Losey RJ, Weber A, Goriunova O, Novikov AG. 2011. Late Holocene subsistence practices among Cis-Baikal pastoralists, Siberia: zooarchaeological insights from Sagan-Zaba II. Asian Perspec 49:157-179. doi:10.1353/asi.2010.0001
O’Dea K, Jewell PA, Whiten A, Altmann SA, Strickland SS, Oftedal OT. 1991. Traditional diet and food preferences of Australian aboriginal hunter-gatherers (and discussion). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 334:233-241. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0112
Paschetta C. 2012. La transición tecnológica en humanos modernos y su impacto en la morfología craneofacial: una evaluación de la plasticidad en respuesta al estrés masticatorio. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Córdoba. Argentina.
Paschetta C, de Azevedo S, Castillo L, Martínez-Abadías N, Hernández M, Lieberman DE, González-José R. 2010.
The influence of masticatory loading on craniofacial morphology: A test case across technological transitions in the Ohio valley. Am J Phys Anthrop 141:297-314. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21151
Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. 2004. The aging of Wolff’s “law”: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 39:63-99. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20155
Pérez-Pérez A, Jiménez S, Trancho G. 1991. Análisis de oligoelementos: estudio de la dieta en poblaciones de la península ibérica. En: Botella MC, Jiménez SA, Ruiz L, du Souich P, editores. Nuevas perspectivas en antropología. Granada: Universidad de Granada. p 719- 730.
Peyron MA, Lassausay C, Woda A. 2002. Effects of increased hardness on jaw movement and muscle activity during chewing of visco-elastic model foods. Exp Brain Res 142:41-51. doi:10.1007/s00221-001-0916-5
Pinhasi R, Eshed V, Shaw P. 2008. Evolutionary changes in the masticatory complex. Following the transition to farming in the Southern Levant. Am J Phys Anthropol 135:136-148. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20715
Piperno DR, Pearsall DM. 1998. The origins of agriculture in the lowland neotropics. San Diego: Academic Press.
Purslow PP. 1985. The physical basis of meat texture: observations on the fracture behaviour of cooked bovine M. semitendinosus. Meat Sci 12:39-60. doi:10.1016/0309-1740(85)90024-5
Rohlf FJ. 2004. tpsDig. Version 1.4. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/
Ross CF, Hylander WL. 1996. In vivo and in vitro bone strain in the owl monkey circumorbital region and the function of the postorbital septum. Am J Phys Anthropol 101:183-215. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<183::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-3
Sardi ML, Novellino PS, Pucciarelli HM. 2006. Craniofacial morphology in the Argentine center-west: consequences of the transition to food production. Am J Phys Anthrop 130:333-343. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20379
Schmidt CW. 2001. Dental microwear evidence for a dietary shift between two nonmaize-reliant prehistoric human populations from Indiana. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:139-145. doi:10.1002/1096-8644(200102)114:2<139::AID-AJPA1013>3.0.CO;2-9
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Thomason JJ. 1991. Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals. Can J Zool 69:2326-2333. doi:10.1139/z91-327
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Brace CL, Smith SL, Hunt KD. 1991. What big teeth you had grandma! Human tooth size, past and present. En: Kelley MA, Larsen CS, editores. Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss. p 33-57.
Beecher RM, Corruccini RS. 1981. Effects of dietary consistency on maxillary arch breadth in macaques. J Dent Res 60:68. doi:10.1177/00220345810600011301
Beecher RM, Corruccini RS, Freeman M. 1983. Craniofacial correlates of dietary consistency in a nonhuman primate. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 3:193-202.
Bennett J, Rowley S. 2004. Gathering. En: Bennett J, Rowley S, compiladores y editores. Uqalurait: an oral history of Nunavut. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. p 84-85.
Brennan M, Antonyshyn O. 1996. The effects of temporalis muscle manipulation on skull growth: an experimental study. Plast Reconstr Surg 97:13-24. doi:10.1097/00006534-199601000-00002
Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series N° 44.
Carlson DS. 1976. Temporal variation in prehistoric Nubian crania. Am J Phys Anthropol 45:467-484. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330450308
Carlson DS, Van Gerven DP. 1977. Masticatory function and post-Pleistocene evolution in Nubia. Am J Phys Anthropol 46:495-506. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330460316
Chinique de Armas Y, Rodríguez Suárez R, Arredondo Antúne C, Collazo O, Boza A, Alleyne S, Álvarez M, Liva M, Jiménez J. 2009. Estudio paleodietario en restos óseos aborígenes del sitio arqueológico Canímar Abajo, Matanzas, Cuba. Boletín Antropológico 73:131-148.
Ciochon RL, Nisbett RA, Corruccini RS. 1997. Dietary consistency and craniofacial development related to masticatory function in minipigs. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 17:96-102.
Corruccini RS. 1999. How anthropology informs the orthodontic diagnosis of malocclusion´s causes. Lewiston: The Edwin Meller Press.
Corruccini RS, Beecher RM. 1982. Occlusal variation related to soft diet in a nonhuman primate. Science 218:74-76. doi:10.1126/science.7123221
Corruccini RS, Beecher RM. 1984. Occlusofacial morphological integration lowered in baboons raised on soft diet. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 4:135-142.
Corruccini RS, Handler JS. 1980. Temporomandibular joint size decrease in American blacks: evidence from Barbados. J Dent Res 59(9):1528. doi:10.1177/00220345800590092001
Corruccini RS, Henderson AM, Kaul SS. 1985. Bite-force variation related to occlusal variation in rural and urban Punjabis (North India). Arch Oral Biol 30:65-69. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(85)90026-3
Christiansen P, Adolfssen JS. 2005. Bite forces, canine strengths and skull allometry in extant carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora). J Zool 266:1-19. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006643
Christiansen P, Wroe S. 2007. Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores. Ecology 88:347-358. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:BFA EAT]2.0.CO;2
de Azevedo S. 2008. El proceso de Mongolización: genética cuantitativa aplicada al poblamiento de América. Tesis de Licenciatura. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Chubut. Argentina.
Erlandson JM. 1994. Early hunter-gatherers of the California Coast. New York: Plenum Press. p 336. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5042-3
Foster KD, Woda A, Peyron MA. 2006. Effect of texture of plastic and elastic model foods on the parameters of mastication. J Neurophysiol 95:3469-3479. doi:10.1152/jn.01003.2005
Glasgow M, Wilcoxon L. 1988. Coastal adaptations near point Conception, California, with particular regard to shellfish exploitation. Am Antiq 53:36-51. doi:10.2307/281153
González-José R, Gonzalez-Martin A, Hernández M, Pucciarelli HM, Sardi M, Rosales A, Van Der Molen S. 2003. Craniometric evidence for Palaeoamerican survival in Baja California. Nature 425:62-65. doi:10.1038/nature01816
González-José R, Martínez-Abadías N, González-Martín A, Neves W, Pucciarelli HM, Hernández M. 2006. Análisis morfogeométrico de cuatro cráneos antiguos del valle de México: Peñón III, Metro Balderas, Chimalhuacán y Cueva del Tecolote. Cuicuilco 13: 105-127.
González-José R, Ramirez-Rozzi F, Sardi M, MartínezAbadías N, Hernández M, Pucciarelli HM. 2005.
Functional-cranial approach to the influence of economic strategy on skull morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:757-771. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20161
Hannam AG, Wood WW. 1989. Relationships between the size and spatial morphology of human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, the craniofacial skeleton, and jaw biomechanics. Am J Phys Anthropol 80:429-445. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330800404
Hohl TH. 1983. Masticatory muscle transposition in primates: effects on craniofacial growth. J Maxillofac Surg 11:149-156.
Howell DC. 2002. Statistical methods for psychology. Belmont: Duxbury Press.
Hylander WL. 1986. In vivo bone strain as an indicator of masticatory force in Macaca fascilularis. Arch Oral Biol 31:149-157. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(86)90120-2
Hylander WL, Johnson KR. 1992. Strain gradients in the craniofacial region of primates. En: Davidovitch Z, editor. The biological mechanisms of tooth movement and craniofacial adaptation. Columbus: Ohio State University College of Dentistry. p 559-569.
Ingervall B, Bitsanis E. 1987. A pilot study of the effect of masticatory muscle training on facial growth in longface children. Eur J Orthod 9:15-23. doi:10.1093/ejo/9.1.15
Kiliaridis S. 1995. Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand 53:196-202. doi:10.3109/00016359509005972
Kiltie RA. 1984. Size ratios among sympatric neotropical cats. Oecologia 61:411-416. doi:10.1007/BF00379644
Kirk RL. 1981. Aboriginal man adapting: the human biology of Australian aborigines. Melbourne: Clarendon Press.
Landberg LC. 1965. The Chumash indian of southern California. Los Angeles: Southwest Museum Paper N°19.
Larsen C. 1995. Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Ann Rev Anthropol 24:185-213. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001153
Larsen C. 1997. Bioarchaeology: interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511802676
Lieberman DE. 2008. Speculations about the selective basis for modern human craniofacial form. Evol Anthropol 17:55-68. doi:10.1002/evan.20154
Lieberman DE. 2011. You are how you eat: chewing and the head. The evolution of human head. Londres: The Belknap Press. Harvard University Press.
Lieberman DE, Krovitz GE, Yates FW, Devlin M, St Claire M. 2004. Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. J Hum Evol 46:655-677. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.005
Lucas PW. 2004. How teeth work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Martínez-Abadías N. 2005 Evaluación morfogeométrica del mestizaje en el Valle central de México: evolución fenotípica de la morfología creaneofacial humana. Tesis de maestría. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. España.
Molleson T, Jones K, Jones S. 1993. Dietary change and the effects of food preparation on microwear patterns in the late Neolithic of Abu Hureyra, northern Syria. J Hum Evol 24:455-468. doi:10.1006/jhev.1993.1031
Nomokonova T, Losey RJ, Weber A, Goriunova O, Novikov AG. 2011. Late Holocene subsistence practices among Cis-Baikal pastoralists, Siberia: zooarchaeological insights from Sagan-Zaba II. Asian Perspec 49:157-179. doi:10.1353/asi.2010.0001
O’Dea K, Jewell PA, Whiten A, Altmann SA, Strickland SS, Oftedal OT. 1991. Traditional diet and food preferences of Australian aboriginal hunter-gatherers (and discussion). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 334:233-241. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0112
Paschetta C. 2012. La transición tecnológica en humanos modernos y su impacto en la morfología craneofacial: una evaluación de la plasticidad en respuesta al estrés masticatorio. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Córdoba. Argentina.
Paschetta C, de Azevedo S, Castillo L, Martínez-Abadías N, Hernández M, Lieberman DE, González-José R. 2010.
The influence of masticatory loading on craniofacial morphology: A test case across technological transitions in the Ohio valley. Am J Phys Anthrop 141:297-314. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21151
Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. 2004. The aging of Wolff’s “law”: ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 39:63-99. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20155
Pérez-Pérez A, Jiménez S, Trancho G. 1991. Análisis de oligoelementos: estudio de la dieta en poblaciones de la península ibérica. En: Botella MC, Jiménez SA, Ruiz L, du Souich P, editores. Nuevas perspectivas en antropología. Granada: Universidad de Granada. p 719- 730.
Peyron MA, Lassausay C, Woda A. 2002. Effects of increased hardness on jaw movement and muscle activity during chewing of visco-elastic model foods. Exp Brain Res 142:41-51. doi:10.1007/s00221-001-0916-5
Pinhasi R, Eshed V, Shaw P. 2008. Evolutionary changes in the masticatory complex. Following the transition to farming in the Southern Levant. Am J Phys Anthropol 135:136-148. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20715
Piperno DR, Pearsall DM. 1998. The origins of agriculture in the lowland neotropics. San Diego: Academic Press.
Purslow PP. 1985. The physical basis of meat texture: observations on the fracture behaviour of cooked bovine M. semitendinosus. Meat Sci 12:39-60. doi:10.1016/0309-1740(85)90024-5
Rohlf FJ. 2004. tpsDig. Version 1.4. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/
Ross CF, Hylander WL. 1996. In vivo and in vitro bone strain in the owl monkey circumorbital region and the function of the postorbital septum. Am J Phys Anthropol 101:183-215. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<183::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-3
Sardi ML, Novellino PS, Pucciarelli HM. 2006. Craniofacial morphology in the Argentine center-west: consequences of the transition to food production. Am J Phys Anthrop 130:333-343. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20379
Schmidt CW. 2001. Dental microwear evidence for a dietary shift between two nonmaize-reliant prehistoric human populations from Indiana. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:139-145. doi:10.1002/1096-8644(200102)114:2<139::AID-AJPA1013>3.0.CO;2-9
Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA. 2004. Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage. Nature 428:415-418. doi:10.1038/nature02358
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06.12.2013
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Paschetta, C., & González-José, R. (2013). Estimaciones de fuerza de mordida y su relación con las características de la dieta/Bite force estimates and its relationship with characteristics of diet. Revista Argentina De Antropología Biológica, 16(1), 39–50. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/raab/article/view/750
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