Tasas de interés y derechos humanos: Ajustando las primas de riesgo

Oliver Pahnecke; Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky

doi:10.24215/25251678e542

Autores/as

Oliver Pahnecke Universidad Middlesex de Londres
Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky Universidad Nacional de Río Negro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24215/25251678e542

Palabras clave:

derechos humanos, desigualdad, tasas de interés, prima de riesgo, deuda, discriminación

Resumen

El presente artículo propone una innovadora interpretación basada en los derechos humanos, en la que las tasas de interés y las primas de riesgo aplicadas en préstamos públicos y privados, puedan ser ajustadas luego de cumplirse el pago completo del capital.

La/os prestataria/os de riesgo pagan más por el mismo préstamo que la/os clienta/es de bajo riesgo debido a las tasas de interés ponderadas por riesgo, las cuales encuentran su justificación en la ausencia o calidad de las garantías reales. Mientras esta perspectiva trata como intercambiables a las garantías reales y a las primas de riesgo, es sólo la garantía real la que se reembolsa una vez culminado el contrato, no así la prima de riesgo. La práctica de cobrar una prima de riesgo además de la tasa preferencial se encuentra justificada legalmente, debido a que sirve como protección de la propiedad del/de la prestamista en un contexto de riesgo, al acelerar la devolución del capital.

Sin embargo, este artículo argumenta que la diferencia de pre[1]cio pierde su justificación económica y legal una vez cumplido el propósito de la prima de riesgo de asegurar el pago del capital. Más aún, la prima de riesgo se convierte en una forma de discriminación económica, ya que injustificadamente impone una mayor carga sobre la/os clienta/es de riesgo por sobre la/os clienta/es de bajo riesgo. Además, este artículo demuestra que dicha prima de riesgo no puede considerarse una mera compensación que un/a prestatario/a de riesgo debe pagar por el incremento del riesgo del/de la prestamista. Según esta interpretación, ajustar la tasa de interés y la prima de riesgo una vez cumplido el pago completo del capital es un requerimiento legal, ya que evita dicha forma de discriminación al asegurarse el mismo tratamiento a toda/os la/ os prestataria/os. Este razonamiento encuentra sus fundamentos en el derecho contractual, el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y en las regulaciones financieras internacionales. Más aún, este enfoque podría liberar recursos dentro del actual y dramático contexto sufrido a causa del Covid-19, en donde el espacio fiscal y los ingresos de los hogares deben ser destinados a salvar vidas y a garantizar la satisfacción de derechos económicos y sociales básicos.

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Biografía del autor/a

Oliver Pahnecke, Universidad Middlesex de Londres

Doctorando de la Universidad Middlesex de Londres, en donde realiza trabajos de investigación en materia de deuda soberana y derechos humanos

Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky , Universidad Nacional de Río Negro

Investigador de Conicet - Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. El autor fue Experto Independiente de las Naciones Unidas en materia de deuda y derechos humanos entre 2014 y 2020

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