Canalización e integración morfológica en poblaciones humanas modernas de diferentes contextos culturales y orígenes geográficos/Canalization and morphological integration in modern human populations from different cultural
Abstract
RESUMEN La expresión fenotípica es el resultado de una compleja red de interacciones entre el genotipo y el ambiente. De entre los factores que contribuyen a establecer el fenotipo adulto, los procesos de desarrollo son de particular importancia como determinantes de los patrones de variación en distintos niveles de organización dentro del individuo. En este trabajo, dos resultados del actuar de dichos procesos, la canalización y la integración morfológica son evaluados en diferentes regiones del cráneo ó módulos en seis poblaciones humanas modernas que contrastan en sus estrategias económicas y sus orígenes geográficos. La canalización puede definirse como la resistencia de una población a responder a diferencias ambientales o genéticas mediante un aumento en la variación de sus fenotipos. La integración morfológica puede definirse como el grado de interrelación en la expresión de diferentes caracteres. Los resultados sugieren altos grados de canalización para el neuro y basicráneo y menos canalización en las restantes estructuras, más vinculadas con la masticación. Por otro lado, la integración morfológica es más evidente en la fosa temporal y la articulación temporo-mandibular. En general, los resultados indican que existen efectos diferenciales de la canalización e integración morfológica en los diferentes módulos craneales, y que probablemente estas diferencias respondan a los efectos de variaciones en los estilos de vida.
ABSTRACT The adult phenotype is the result of a complex network of interactions between the genotype and the environment. Among the factors that contribute to establish the adult phenotype, developmental processes are particularly important in determining patterns of variation at different organization levels within the individual. In this work, two products of such developmental processes, canalization and morphological integration, are evaluated at different skull regions or modules in six modern human populations differing in their life-style and geographic origins. Canalization is defined as the resistance of a population to respond to environmental or genetic differences by increasing the variation in their phenotypes. Morphological integration is defined as the interrelationship degree in the expression of different characters. Results indicate that the neurocranium and the base are the most canalized of the studied structures, whereas structures related to mastication tend to show differing levels of canalization. Morphological integration is most evident in the temporal fossa and the temporo mandibular joint. In general, these results indicate that variable levels of canalization and morphological integration can arise as a response to different environmental stimuli like life strategy and/or diet hardness.
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