Producción sostenible de moléculas plataforma mediante disolventes eutécticos profundos (DES)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24215/23143991e012Palabras clave:
biomasa lignocelulósica, biorrefinería, ácido levulínico, química verdeResumen
Los disolventes eutécticos profundos (DES) han emergido como una opción sostenible frente a los disolventes orgánicos tradicionales en el marco de la química verde y la valorización de biomasa lignocelulósica. Este trabajo analiza de manera integral sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, métodos de síntesis y aplicaciones en la producción de moléculas plataforma de alto valor añadido, tales como 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), ácido levulínico (AL), furfural y derivados furánicos. Los DES, formados por combinaciones de aceptores y donadores de enlaces de hidrógeno, presentan beneficios como baja toxicidad, biodegradabilidad, bajo costo y propiedades ajustables, lo que favorece su implementación en procesos sostenibles. En el contexto de biorrefinerías, los DES facilitan el pretratamiento de biomasa al reducir su recalcitrancia estructural mediante la disrupción de las redes lignocelulósicas, mejorando la accesibilidad a polisacáridos. Asimismo, actúan como medios de reacción y catalizadores en sistemas homogéneos, lo que incrementa la eficiencia en la conversión de carbohidratos en compuestos de valor. Se destacan aplicaciones en sistemas bifásicos, procesos asistidos por microondas y estrategias integradas de conversión-extracción, con rendimientos elevados y condiciones operativas moderadas. Particularmente, los DES ácidos han demostrado alta eficacia en la extracción de ácido levulínico, alcanzando rendimientos superiores al 70 % y eficiencias de carbono cercanas al 100 %. Además, su capacidad de reutilización y su integración en procesos de una sola etapa reducen costos y complejidad operativa. En conjunto, los DES se consolidan como herramientas versátiles para el desarrollo de procesos químicos más eficientes, selectivos y ambientalmente sostenibles.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Andrés Felipe Monroy, Gustavo Antonio Pasquale, María Emilia Pérez, Valeria Palermo, Gerardo Andrés Caicedo Pineda, José Jobanny Martínez Zambrano
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
