Co-created Tourist Brands

An Analysis of User-Generated Content from Catedral and Las Leñas Ski Resorts

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24215/27186717e060

Keywords:

branding co-creation, e-WOM, ski resorts, sought benefits, user generated content

Abstract

This study analyzes the co-creation of ski resort brands Las Leñas and Catedral Alta Patagonia (Argentina), using electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) as a source of information. Brand building is understood as a social process involving multiple actors, including tourism service users. To identify knowledge patterns in unstructured textual documents, text mining was applied to 500 Google Maps reviews, using automated content analysis.

The results show that the most frequent words were "place," "beautiful," and "snow." Three types of benefits were identified: functional, experiential, and symbolic. The main topics included environment, economy, tourism, and leisure. Las Leñas was more associated with environmental and mobility issues, while Catedral was linked more to sports.

This work highlights the value of user-generated content and text mining as tools for tourism market research. It enables the analysis of destination brand images from the perspective of visitors without relying on intrusive techniques.

Managerial implications include capitalizing on each resort’s unique strengths, adjusting pricing strategies, enhancing customer experience, and tailoring segmentation and promotion efforts to meet tourists’ preferences and expectations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Arechederra, B. y Zanfardini, M. (2020). ¿Qué dicen los huéspedes que viajan por razones de negocios sobre las marcas hoteleras de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires?. Revista Argentina de Investigación en Negocios, 6(1), 113-126.

Bigné, E. y Royo, M. (2014). Metodología del análisis de contenido. En F. J. Sarabia (Ed.), Métodos de investigación social y de la empresa (p. 138). Pirámide.

Bigné, E., Zanfardini, M. y Andreu, L. (2025). Destination online reviews: Lexicons and thematic arguments on social responsibility. Tourism Review, 80(4), 944-965. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2023-0725

Borges-Tiago, M. T., Arruda, C., Tiago, F. y Rita, P. (2021). Differences between TripAdvisor and Booking.com in branding co-creation. Journal of Business Research, 123, 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.050

Cheung, C. M. y Thadani, D. R. (2012). The impact of electronic word-of-mouth communication: A literature analysis and integrative model. Decision Support Systems, 54(1), 461-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.06.008

Cheung, M. L., Leung, W. K., Cheah, J. H. y Ting, H. (2022). Exploring the effectiveness of emotional and rational user-generated contents in digital tourism platforms. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667211030675

Chopra, I. P., Lim, W. M. y Jain, T. (2024). Electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites: What inspires travelers to engage in opinion seeking, opinion passing, and opinion giving? Tourism Recreation Research, 49(4), 726-739. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2088007

Cristobal-Fransi, E., Daries-Ramon, N., Mariné-Roig, E. y Martin-Fuentes, E. (2017). Implementación de la web 2.0 en el turismo de nieve: análisis de la presencia online y del e-commerce de las estaciones de esquí. Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC, 21(2), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjme.2017.06.002

de Chernatony, L. (1999). Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1-3), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725799784870432

Fernández-Laso, M. C., Barceló, A. y Fanjul, M. L. (2017). De la definición de turismo a los diferentes tipos de desplazamiento. Una guía para entender qué es el turismo. AMEC.

Flores Singorenko, A. T., Grande, V. E., Islas, N. S., Jaramillo Alvarez, L. C. y Pavón, C. M. (2012). Mercado del Alto Valle para el producto nieve. Realidad. Tendencias y Desafíos en Turismo (CONDET), 10(1), 35-52.

Gartner, W. C. (1993). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12

Gnoth, J. (2007). The structure of destination brands: Leveraging values. Tourism Analysis, 12(5-6), 345-358. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354207783227939

Harmes-Liedtke, U. y Gianetti, S. (2019). El concepto y las metodologías de la co-creación para la generación de innovaciones urbanas. Sistematización bibliográfica. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Cooperación Alemana al Desarrollo Sustentable en México (GIZ). http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17863.96169

Jo, T. (2018). Text mining: Concepts, implementation, and big data challenge. Springer.

Kim, K., Park, O., Joung, Y., Yun, S. y Yun, H. (2017). What makes tourists feel negatively about tourism destinations? Application of hybrid text mining methodology to smart destination management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 123, 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.01.001

Krippendorff, K. H. (2012). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. SAGE Publications.

Ledhesma, M. (2018). Tipos de turismo: nueva clasificación. Organización Mundial de Periodismo Turístico.

Leiras, A. y Eusébio, C. (2024). Perceived image of accessible tourism destinations: A data mining analysis of Google Maps reviews. Current Issues in Tourism, 27(16), 2584-2602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2230338

Li, J., Xu, L., Tang, L., Wang, S. y Li, L. (2018). Big data in tourism research: A literature review. Tourism Management, 68, 301-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.009

Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., Mo, Z. y Ng, K. L. (2020). Using text mining to track changes in travel destination image: The case of Macau. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(2), 371-393. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2019-0477

Luque Martínez, T., Doña Toledo, L. y Faraoni, N. (2019). Auditing marketing and the use of social media at ski resorts. Sustainability, 11(10), 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102868

Marine-Roig, E. y Ferrer-Rosell, B. (2018). Measuring the gap between projected and perceived destination images of Catalonia using compositional analysis. Tourism Management, 68, 236-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.020

Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. y Pride, R. (2002). Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Elsevier.

Nandan, S. (2005). An exploration of the brand identity–brand image linkage: A communications perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), 264-278. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540222

Papadimitriou, D. y Gibson, H. (2008). Benefits sought and realized by active mountain sport tourists in Epirus, Greece: Pre- and post-trip analysis. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(1), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080801972056

Prahalad, C. K. y Ramaswamy, V. (2004). Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(3), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.20015

Shin, B., Ryu, S., Kim, Y. y Kim, D. (2022). Analysis on review data of restaurants in Google Maps through text mining: Focusing on sentiment analysis. Journal of Multimedia Information System, 9(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.33851/JMIS.2022.9.1.61

Stepchenkova, S., Kirilenko, A. P. y Morrison, A. M. (2009). Facilitating content analysis in tourism research. Journal of Travel Research, 47(4), 454-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508326509

Sustersic, P. A. (2023). La co-creación de las marcas de estaciones de esquí en Argentina a través del contenido generado por los usuarios [Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional del Comahue]. http://rdi.uncoma.edu.ar/handle/uncomaid/17484

Tamagni, L., Zanfardini, M. y Gutauskas, A. (2011). Mercado del Alto Valle para el producto nieve. Informe técnico de investigación de mercados. Subsecretaría de Turismo de la Provincia de Neuquén, Universidad Nacional del Comahue.

Villarroel, F., Theodoulidis, B., Burton, J., Gruber, T. y Zaki, M. (2014). Analyzing customer experience feedback using text mining: A linguistics-based approach. Journal of Service Research, 17(3), 278-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670514524625

Zanfardini, M., Bigné, E. y Andreu, L. (2017). El eWOM sobre destinos turísticos. Un análisis comparativo de destinos españoles y argentinos. En J. A. T. Gutiérrez y R. V. Casielles (Eds.), Marketing insights: qué ven, qué hacen y qué dicen los consumidores (pp. 147-169). Cátedra Fundación Ramón Areces.

Zanfardini, M., Bigné, E., Andreu, L. y Ruiz, C. (2016). El eWOM como proceso comunicativo en los destinos turísticos. Anuario de Estudios en Turismo, XI, 43-66.

Zanfardini, M. y Jalil, M. A. (2022). Territorios turísticos: los flujos de información en tiempos de pandemia. Topos, Editorial IPEHCS.

Zolfaghari, A. y Choi, H. C. (2023). Elevating the park experience: Exploring asymmetric relationships in visitor satisfaction at Canadian national parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 43, 100666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100666

Published

2025-06-26

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Sustersic, P. A., Zanfardini, M., & Perez Benegas, J. (2025). Co-created Tourist Brands: An Analysis of User-Generated Content from Catedral and Las Leñas Ski Resorts. Ayana. Revista de Investigación en Turismo, 5(2), 060. https://doi.org/10.24215/27186717e060