Alometrías ontogénicas y dimorfismo sexual facial en dos poblaciones humanas modernas/Ontogenetic allometry and facial sexual dimorphism in two modern human populations
Resumen
RESUMEN El dimorfismo sexual facial (DSF) involucra variación en tamaño y forma. Es aceptado que la variación en forma se asocia al tamaño (alometría) y que durante la ontogenia ambos sexos comparten las mismas alometrías y los hombres extienden la trayectoria alométrica, proceso conocido como escalamiento ontogénico. Aquí se analiza el DSF en dos muestras ontogénicas de humanos modernos -portugueses (muestra Coimbra) y africanos de origen bantú (muestra Dart)- para conocer si los sexos comparten trayectorias alométricas. Se relevaron 12 mediciones lineales de la cara. Previo cálculo de la media geométrica (MG) para estimar el tamaño, se estandarizaron para evaluar forma. Para cada muestra se realizó Análisis de Componentes Principales. Por Análisis Multivariado y Univariado dela Covarianza se evaluaron las trayectorias alométricas. Ambos métodos mostraron trayectorias no comunes entre los sexos para ambas muestras. Los primeros indicaron trayectorias diferentes en pendientes para Coimbra, mientras que en Dart las pendientes fueron homogéneas, aunque no la intersección. Los análisis univariados, sin embargo, indicaron que en ambas muestras las trayectorias no difieren en sus pendientes entre los sexos pero si en su intersección para el componente principal 1, siendo paralelas, por lo que habría diferencias sexuales con probable origen prenatal. Otro mecanismo involucra una extensión de la trayectoria masculina con respecto de la femenina. El escalamiento ontogénico también generaría diferencias sexuales. El grado de DSF en tamaño es mayor en Coimbra que en Dart. Dichas diferencias pueden deberse a variaciones poblacionales en los mecanismos de crecimiento y desarrollo.
ABSTRACT Facial sexual dimorphism (FSD) involves facial variation in size and shape. It is accepted that the shape variation is associated with size (allometry) that during ontogeny both sexes share the same allometric trajectory, and men lengthen the allometric trajectory, process known as ontogenetic scaling. In this work FSD was analyzed in two ontogenetic modern human samples -Portuguese (Coimbra) and Africans of Bantu origins (Dart)- in order to know if both sexes share the allometric trajectories. Twelve linear measurements were registered on the face. The geometric mean was calculated and measurements were standardized in order to evaluate shape variation. Principal component analysis was performed in each sample. In order to assess if allometric trajectories differ between males and females multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance were performed. Both methods showed no common trajectories between both sexes. In the multivariate analyses Coimbra sample trajectories differs in their slopes, while in Dart sample trajectories are homogeneous in slopes but not in their intercept. However, univariate results indicated that in both samples allometric trajectories do not differ in their slopes between sexes and they are parallel for principal component 1; this may be the consequence of differentiation with probable prenatal origins. Another mechanism involves the lengthening of the male trajectory regarding females. Ontogenetic scaling would generate differences between sexes in both samples. However, the degree of FSD in size is greater inCoimbra than in Dart sample. This difference may be explained by population variation in the mechanism of growth and development.
Publicado on-line:20-08-2012
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